Spotted Redshank
Tringa erythropus
Visual Identification
Appearance
The Spotted Redshank is a striking wader with distinctive seasonal plumage. In breeding season, it displays a sooty black body with white spots on its upperparts, a long, slender black bill with a red base, and bright red legs.
During winter, it transforms to a pale grey above and white below, retaining its characteristic long, slightly upturned bill and red legs. Unlike the similar Common Redshank, Spotted Redshanks lack the barred wing markings in their winter plumage.
Females and males are similar year-round, although, in summer, the female’s black plumage shows more spotting than the male's. Juveniles resemble non-breeding adults but have buff-edged feathers on their upperparts.
Size
Length
29cm to 31cm
Wingspan
59cm to 67cm
Weight
121g to 205g
Colours
Males and females have similar plumage
Primary Colour
Black White
Secondary Colour
Grey
Beak Colour
Black Red
Leg Colour
Red
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
Spotted Redshanks breed in the subarctic regions of northern Europe and Asia, favouring boggy areas in taiga and tundra. During migration and winter, they frequent coastal mudflats, estuaries, and inland wetlands.
Countries with the most notable breeding populations include Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia.
In the UK, they are regular passage migrants and winter visitors, with significant numbers found along the east and south coasts of England. They are less common in North America, occasionally appearing as vagrants on both coasts.
Elevation Range
Up to 1,000 meters
Climate zones
Subarctic, Temperate, Subtropical
Distribution Map
This map gives you a rough idea of where you might spot a Spotted Redshank. The coloured areas show countries where these birds have been seen.
A few things to keep in mind:
- Birds might not be everywhere in the coloured areas, for example, they may be present around the coast of that country
- Where birds live can change with seasons and available food
- This map is quite simple - it doesn't show exact locations
We're working on making our maps even better! Soon, we hope to show you:
- More detailed maps for bigger countries, including state and region
- How birds move around during different seasons
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
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Share your thoughtsBird Attributes Explained
Our bird attributes system rates various aspects of a bird's capabilities on a scale of 0-100, based on data from field observations, scientific studies, and expert knowledge.
Attribute Categories:
- Agility: Manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
- Strength: Physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
- Adaptability: Ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
- Aggressiveness: Territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
- Endurance: Stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
Understanding the Ratings:
- 0-20: Very Low
- 21-40: Low
- 41-60: Average
- 61-80: High
- 81-100: Very High
Remember, these attributes are relative to other bird species and don't necessarily indicate superiority.
Hover over the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Agility
Reflects the bird's manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
The Spotted Redshank demonstrates high agility with its graceful, buoyant flight and ability to wade and swim in various water depths. Its adeptness in probing for prey in shallow waters and quick movements during feeding also indicate excellent manoeuvrability.
Strength
Indicates the bird's physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
Whilst not exceptionally strong for its size, the Spotted Redshank possesses adequate strength for its lifestyle. It can perform aerial displays and long-distance migrations, suggesting moderate muscular capability relative to its body size.
Adaptability
Represents the bird's ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
This species shows remarkable adaptability, evidenced by its dramatic seasonal plumage changes and ability to thrive in diverse habitats from subarctic breeding grounds to temperate coastal areas. Its varied diet and capacity to feed in different water depths further demonstrate its adaptiveness.
Aggressiveness
Measures the bird's territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
Spotted Redshanks are not particularly aggressive birds. They tend to form small flocks outside the breeding season, suggesting a relatively sociable nature. However, they likely display some territorial behaviour during breeding, hence a moderate aggression rating.
Endurance
Reflects the bird's stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
As long-distance migrants capable of travelling between subarctic breeding grounds and temperate or subtropical wintering areas, Spotted Redshanks exhibit considerable endurance. Their ability to maintain energetic feeding behaviours and perform breeding displays also indicates good stamina.
Diet
Spotted Redshanks have a varied diet consisting mainly of aquatic invertebrates. They feed on insects, small crustaceans, aquatic insects, flying insects, worms, amphibians, molluscs, and occasionally small fish.
Their long, slender bills are well-adapted for probing mud and sand in shallow water to catch prey or moving their bill from side to side through the water with a sweeping motion. They are also observed to feed at night as well as during daylight hours.
Behaviour
Spotted Redshanks are often seen wading in shallow water, using their long bills to probe for prey.
They are known for their graceful, buoyant flight and their tendency to form small flocks outside the breeding season. These birds are also notable for their habit of swimming in deeper water, more so than other sandpipers.
Vocalisation
The Spotted Redshank has a distinctive call, often described as a clear, ringing 'chew-it' or 'teu-it', which is usually made as a contact call or made after a nest site is disturbed.
During the breeding season, males produce a yodelling song that sounds like 'tlui-tlui-tlui'. In flight, they often give a sharp 'tchup' call, useful for identification during migration.
Nesting & Breeding
Breeding occurs in the subarctic, typically from late May to July. Males perform aerial displays to attract females, making steep climbs followed by gliding descents while calling.
Nests are simple scrapes on the ground, often near water and concealed by vegetation. Females typically lay 4 olive-green eggs with dark spots. Both parents share incubation duties.
The incubation period lasts about 22-24 days. Chicks are precocial, leaving the nest soon after hatching and fledge after approximately 25-27 days.
The female’s involvement in incubation tails off as the days pass, and by the final week, it’s common for the male alone to be left as the sole guardian of the eggs and young.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
While currently listed as Least Concern, Spotted Redshanks face threats from habitat loss due to coastal development and climate change.
Conservation efforts focus on protecting key wetland habitats along their migration routes and wintering grounds, particularly in Europe and Africa.
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for Spotted Redshanks in coastal mudflats and estuaries during migration and winter.
- Listen for their distinctive 'chew-it' call, which is often heard before the bird is seen.
- Observe their feeding behaviour, as they often wade belly-deep in water.
- In the UK, the best spots include coastal areas in East Anglia and Southeast England.
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Predators
Main predators include large birds of prey such as Peregrine Falcons and Arctic Skuas, as well as foxes and other mammals that may prey on eggs and chicks.
Did You Know?
- Spotted Redshanks undergo one of the most dramatic plumage changes among waders, from black in summer to grey in winter.
- They are known to be highly vocal during migration, often calling at night while in flight.
- Unlike many waders, Spotted Redshanks frequently swim in deeper water, sometimes upending like ducks to feed.
Similar Birds
References
- 1
website: BirdLife International. 2016. Tringa erythropus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22693207A86682083.
View source - 2 3
report, 2015: BirdLife International; Wetlands International
- 4
website, 2010: Fransson et al., EURING list of longevity records for European birds
View source
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