Wood Sandpiper
Tringa glareola
Visual Identification
Appearance
The Wood Sandpiper is a small wader with a slender build. It has a brown-speckled upperpart, white underparts, and a prominent white eyebrow. The legs are yellowish-green, and the dark yellow bill is dark and straight, tipped with grey.
During the breeding season, adults develop darker, more heavily marked plumage. Females develop their breeding plumage slightly earlier in the season, which can be used as a key way to determine between the sexes.
Both sexes are alike in plumage, although females are slightly larger. Juveniles resemble adults but have buff-tinged upperparts with more prominent spotting.
Size
Length
19cm to 21cm
Wingspan
36cm to 40cm
Weight
50g to 90g
Colours
Males and females have similar plumage
Primary Colour
Brown White
Secondary Colour
Grey Buff
Beak Colour
Black Yellow Grey
Leg Colour
Green Yellow
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
Wood Sandpipers breed in subarctic and boreal regions across Europe and Asia. They prefer open wetlands, bogs, and marshy areas near woodlands. During migration, they can be found in a variety of freshwater habitats.
Up to 30 pairs of Wood Sandpipers breed in the UK each year, but these are limited to a small area of marshy land in the western Highlands of Scotland.
In winter, they migrate to Africa, southern Asia, and Australia. In the UK, they are passage migrants, seen mainly during spring and autumn migrations, with occasional winter sightings. Eastern and southern England report the most sightings during this time.
Elevation Range
Up to 3,000 meters
Climate zones
Temperate, Subarctic, Tropical
Distribution Map
This map gives you a rough idea of where you might spot a Wood Sandpiper. The coloured areas show countries where these birds have been seen.
A few things to keep in mind:
- Birds might not be everywhere in the coloured areas, for example, they may be present around the coast of that country
- Where birds live can change with seasons and available food
- This map is quite simple - it doesn't show exact locations
We're working on making our maps even better! Soon, we hope to show you:
- More detailed maps for bigger countries, including state and region
- How birds move around during different seasons
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
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Share your thoughtsBird Attributes Explained
Our bird attributes system rates various aspects of a bird's capabilities on a scale of 0-100, based on data from field observations, scientific studies, and expert knowledge.
Attribute Categories:
- Agility: Manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
- Strength: Physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
- Adaptability: Ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
- Aggressiveness: Territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
- Endurance: Stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
Understanding the Ratings:
- 0-20: Very Low
- 21-40: Low
- 41-60: Average
- 61-80: High
- 81-100: Very High
Remember, these attributes are relative to other bird species and don't necessarily indicate superiority.
Hover over the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Agility
Reflects the bird's manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
The Wood Sandpiper demonstrates high agility through its ability to perform aerial displays, swift flight during long-distance migrations, and its capacity to swim and dive when evading predators. Its slender build and adept foraging behaviour also contribute to its nimbleness.
Strength
Indicates the bird's physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
As a small wader, the Wood Sandpiper possesses moderate strength relative to its size. It can carry out long-distance migrations and perform aerial displays, but it's not particularly powerful compared to larger birds.
Adaptability
Represents the bird's ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
Wood Sandpipers show remarkable adaptability, thriving in various habitats from subarctic regions to tropical climates. Their ability to nest both on the ground and occasionally in trees, coupled with their diverse diet and capacity to migrate vast distances, showcases their adaptable nature.
Aggressiveness
Measures the bird's territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
While Wood Sandpipers can be vocal when alarmed, they are generally not aggressive birds. They typically feed alone or in small, loose groups, suggesting a relatively peaceful disposition. However, they may display some territorial behaviour during breeding season.
Endurance
Reflects the bird's stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
The Wood Sandpiper exhibits exceptional endurance, undertaking long-distance migrations of up to 5,000 km (3,100 miles) between breeding and wintering grounds. This impressive feat, combined with their ability to thrive in diverse climates and elevations up to 3000 metres, demonstrates remarkable stamina and resilience.
Diet
Wood Sandpipers primarily feed on insects and their larvae, including mosquitoes, flies, spiders, and beetles. They also consume small crustaceans, molluscs, and occasionally small fish.
These birds forage by picking prey from the water's surface or probing in shallow mud.
Behaviour
Wood Sandpipers are often seen bobbing their heads and tail while foraging. They typically feed alone or in small, loose groups, probing the mud with their bills.
During migration, they form larger flocks and can be quite vocal, especially when alarmed.
Vocalisation
The Wood Sandpiper has a distinctive call, often described as a clear, ringing 'chiff-if-if' or 'giff-giff-giff'. Their call tends to carry far across long distances, both in the day and night.
During the breeding season, males produce a melodious song in flight, a series of repeated 'tlui-tlui-tlui' notes that can last for several minutes.
Nesting & Breeding
Wood Sandpipers form monogamous pairs during the breeding season, typically from May to July. Males perform aerial displays to attract mates, making circular flights while calling.
Nests are usually built on the ground, often near water and concealed in vegetation. The female lays 3-4 pale olive-green eggs with brown spots. Both parents take turns incubating the eggs.
Incubation lasts about 22-23 days, with both parents taking part. Chicks are precocial and can leave the nest shortly after hatching. They fledge after 26-28 days, becoming independent soon after. The male typically does most of the post-hatching parental care.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
While the Wood Sandpiper is currently listed as Least Concern, it faces threats from habitat loss and degradation, particularly in its breeding and wintering grounds.
Conservation efforts focus on protecting wetland habitats and managing water levels in key areas.
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for Wood Sandpipers near freshwater habitats, especially during migration.
- Listen for their distinctive 'chiff-if-if' call when in flight.
- Observe their characteristic tail-bobbing behaviour when foraging.
- In the UK, check coastal wetlands and inland reservoirs during autumn migration.
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Predators
Main predators include birds of prey such as falcons and hawks, as well as foxes, weasels, and large fish in shallow waters.
Did You Know?
- Wood Sandpipers can swim and dive to escape predators.
- They have been known to nest in old thrush nests in trees.
- Some individuals can migrate up to 5,000 km (3,100 miles) between breeding and wintering grounds.
Similar Birds
References
- 1
website: BirdLife International. 2016. Tringa glareola. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22693247A86689640.
View source - 2 3
report, 2015: EBCC
- 4
website, 2010: Fransson et al., EURING list of longevity records for European birds
View source
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