Limosa lapponica
Unremarkable in appearance but with record-breaking stamina, the Bar-tailed Godwit spends the summer nesting on top of the world in the Arctic and heads south to spend the winter along estuaries and beaches from the United Kingdom to New Zealand.
Bar-tailed Godwit (breeding plumage)
Bar-tailed Goodwit (non-breeding plumage)
Juvenile Bar-tailed Godwit foraging on the moors
Bar-tailed Godwit running for take-off
Bar-tailed Godwits are fairly large waders with longish legs and very long, slightly up-curved bills. Finely barred tails and dark wingtips are visible in flight. Underpart colouration varies between seasons, but adults have streaked and spotted backs and crowns with fine markings on the breast.
In the non-breeding season, adults have pale, whitish underparts, a pale eyebrow stripe with a darker stripe through each eye, and their bill is pinkish at the base with a dark tip. Males develop coppery orange plumage on the belly, chest, neck, and face during the breeding season. They also develop dark wing patches that are visible in flight.
Females are larger and have longer bills but are otherwise difficult to distinguish from males in the non-breeding season. Females are paler than males in breeding plumage. They may have warm cinnamon underparts but are not brick-red like their male counterparts.
Juveniles Bar-tailed Godwits are similar to non-breeding adults but have a warm, buff colour on the neck and breast. Their upper parts also show more contrast, at least until early winter.
Non-breeding Bar-tailed Godwit wading in shallow waters
The Bar-tailed Godwit is a relatively large wader, smaller than a Curlew but bigger than a Ruddy Turnstone. Females are generally larger than males.
Bar-tailed Godwits have a body length of 33 to 42 centimetres or 14½ to 15½ inches. Their bills measure an impressive 8 to 12 centimetres (3 - 5 inches).
These birds weigh anything from 200 to 720 grams or 7 to 25 ounces. They pack on impressive amounts of fat to fuel their long migrations, even partially absorbing their own digestive organs to make space and limit weight for the journey.
They have a 61 to 81 centimetre or 24 to 32-inch wingspan.
Non-breeding Bar-tailed Godwit in-flight over the ocean
Bar-tailed Godwits produce a variety of calls, particularly in the nesting season. A ‘Kiruk-kiruk’ flight call may be heard on their non-breeding grounds.
Bar-tailed Godwit calling
These birds are primarily carnivorous, although they rely on berries at some times of the year. Their diet varies significantly between their breeding grounds and overwintering areas.
In the northern tundras, Bar-tailed Godwits feed on small berries and insects that they capture on the ground or within vegetation. For the rest of the year, these birds forage for small crustaceans and worms that live within soft, sandy and muddy substrates along the shore.
Bar-tailed Godwit chicks eat insects. They are well-developed when they hatch and are able to feed themselves within just two days.
Juvenile Bar-tailed Godwit foraging in the sandy, muddy water
Bar-tailed Godwits inhabit Arctic and sub-arctic tundra while breeding. They overwinter along sandy and muddy areas, particularly in the intertidal zone of beaches, estuaries, mangroves, and inlets.
Bar-tailed Godwits breed in the tundras of Scandinavia in northern Europe, Northern Asia, and Alaska. They spend the non-breeding season along the coastline of Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia but do not overwinter in North or South America.
Bar-tailed Godwits spend most of their time on the ground. They may stand on rocks or posts, although they rarely perch in trees. These long-distance migrants spend their time foraging and roosting along sandy or muddy coastlines when not nesting in the far north.
Bar-tailed Godwits can be common in suitable habitats, with an estimated population of 1.1 to 1.15 million individuals worldwide. About 30,000 to 54,000 individuals visit the UK coastline each year, and nearly 300,000 visit New Zealand and Australia.
Bar-tailed Godwit (breeding plumage) foraging in natural habitat
The only places to reliably spot Bar-tailed Godwits in North America are near Alaska’s western and northern coasts.
Bar-tailed Godwits can be seen in suitable habitats around much of the Australian coastline. They are most common in the north and scarce on the southern coast.
Bar-tailed Godwits can be seen in suitable habitats virtually all around the United Kingdom coastline. They are most numerous on larger estuaries such as the Thames, the Solway Firth, and the Wash.
Bar-tailed Godwit foraging along the shoreline
Bar-tailed Godwits can live for at least 33 years, although their average life expectancy is just five years or so.
Bar-tailed Godwit eggs and chicks are vulnerable to arctic foxes, corvids, gulls and jaegers. Adults are rarely predated, although they may be hunted by the following birds of prey:
Bar-tailed Godwits in the United Kingdom are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. They are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in North America and by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act in Australia.
Bar-tailed Godwits are in decline and globally classified as ‘Near Threatened’, which is one category away from being officially threatened.
Bar-tailed Godwit (breeding plumage) portrait
Bar-tailed Godwits nest at low to mid-elevations in the Arctic and subarctic tundra of Asia, Scandinavia, and Alaska, usually near the coast but sometimes over 100 kilometres or 60 miles inland. The typical habitat consists of ridges, rolling dwarf shrublands, and dry areas within bogs.
The nest is often well hidden between tussocks and other vegetation. It is a shallow scrape lined with plant materials like leaves, moss, and lichens.
Bar-tailed Godwits nest in the late spring and summer. They lay their eggs between the end of May and the second half of July, depending on latitude and location.
Bar-tailed Godwit eggs have a greenish, yellowish, or brownish background colour and are usually patterned with numerous darker spots and speckles. A typical clutch consists of four eggs, each measuring approximately 54 millimetres long and 37 millimetres wide.
Bar-tailed Godwits are monogamous when breeding and form pair bonds that last a single season.
Bar-tailed Godwit in nesting habitat
Bar-tailed Godwits may be aggressive during the breeding season when they frequently dive-bomb other birds, often for no apparent reason. They are more passive on the overwintering grounds, although they may peck at other birds that approach too closely.
Bar-tailed Godwits sleep on tidal mudflats during the day or night. They roost in large flocks, sometimes numbering in the thousands and stand close together, usually within about three feet of one another.
They often stand in the water while roosting, typically facing the wind. Both sexes roost together, but juveniles often gather in separate areas or on the edge of the flock.
Pair of non-breeding Bar-tailed Godwits resting
Bar-tailed Godwits are highly migratory. Some young birds may remain on their overwintering grounds throughout the year, although all breeding adults migrate north to breed in the Arctic and subarctic tundra. They hold the record for the longest non-stop flight distance of any bird.
Bar-tailed Godwits avoid unfavourable winter weather by migrating north and south. The Arctic Tundra provides ideal nesting conditions in the summer, but they must migrate because this extreme environment would be impossible to survive in the depths of winter.
Group of Bar-tailed Godwits by the shore
Bar-tailed Godwits are native summer breeders in Alaska. They are present from May to June but migrate south to avoid the harsh northern winter.
Bar-tailed Godwits are common non-breeding summer visitors to Australia. They do not breed there, although some young birds remain throughout the year.
Bar-tailed Godwits are native to the United Kingdom and can be seen in most months, although they are scarce from May to July. These winter visitors and passage migrants do not breed on the British Isles.
Breeding Bar-tailed Godwit in-flight
Bar-tailed Godwits can fly an astonishing 11,000 kilometres (7,000 miles) non-stop between the tundra of Western Alaska and the shores of New Zealand, the longest single flight known. Those birds take a longer return route via China to complete a staggering annual migration of approximately 29,000 kilometres or 18,000 miles.
Bar-tailed Godwits are fast-flying birds that can travel at 70 to 80 kilometres (43 - 50 miles) per hour, although favourable winds allow them to travel much faster, and headwinds make the going much slower. Even at these speeds, their longest migrations may require more than eight days of non-stop flight!
It is unknown whether Bar-tailed Godwits sleep during migration because they are so difficult to monitor. However, other long-flying species like Frigatebirds have the ability to put one-half of their brains to sleep during flight (a process known as unihemispheric sleep) and the Godwits may be able to do the same.
Scientific name:
Limosa lapponica
Family:
Sandpipers, snipes and phalaropesConservation status:
Amber
Length:
37cm to 39cm
Wingspan:
61cm to 81cm
Weight:
200g to 720g
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