A hardy songbird that thrives in mountainous regions and wetlands across Europe and Asia, venturing to lower altitudes during winter months.

Visual Identification

Appearance

The Water Pipit is a small, slender passerine with a streaked brown upperpart and pale underparts. It has a long tail, thin bill, and distinctive white outer tail feathers visible in flight.

During the breeding season, adults develop a pinkish wash on the breast and a pale supercilium. Non-breeding plumage is duller, with heavier streaking on the underparts.

Females are similar to males, with no significant differences in plumage or size. However, females sometimes have a greyer head. Juveniles resemble non-breeding adults but are darker, and their plumage is distinctly more streaked, particularly on the underparts.

Size

Length

15cm to 17cm

Wingspan

25cm to 28cm

Weight

18g to 24g

Colours

Males and females have similar plumage

Primary Colour

Brown Grey

Secondary Colour

White Buff

Beak Colour

Brown

Leg Colour

Brown

Habitat and Distribution

Habitats

Woodland

Garden

Wetland

Coastal

Urban

Farmland

Grassland

Desert

Tundra

Rainforest

Mountain

Savanna

Distribution

Water Pipits breed in high-altitude meadows and rocky areas of mountain ranges across Europe and Asia. They prefer open, moist habitats near streams or snowmelt areas.

In winter, they migrate to lower elevations, frequenting coastal marshes, wet grasslands, and agricultural fields. In the UK, they are winter visitors found along the southern and eastern coasts.

Common UK locations include Norfolk, Cornwall, Dorset, Merseyside, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Surrey and Lincolnshire among other places. Sighting is best between October and April.

Elevation Range

615 to 3,200 meters

Climate zones

Temperate, Subarctic

Distribution Map

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Resident
Breeding
Non-breeding
Passage
Vagrant

Distribution by Region

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Behaviour and Ecology

Bird Attributes

Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.

Agility 75
Strength 30
Adaptability 85
Aggressiveness 40
Endurance 70

Diet

Water Pipits primarily feed on small invertebrates, including insects, spiders, and small molluscs. Crickets, grasshoppers, lacewings, cicadas, sawflies, moths, butterflies and caterpillars are common prey items. Snails, worms and millipedes are also eaten.

They forage on the ground, often near water edges, picking prey from vegetation or exposed soil. During winter, they may supplement their diet with some seeds, berries and algae.

Behaviour

Water Pipits are often seen walking or running on the ground, bobbing their tails as they move. They forage by picking insects from the ground or low vegetation.

During the breeding season, males perform aerial display flights, singing as they ascend and descend.

Vocalisation

The Water Pipit's song is a series of high-pitched, tinkling notes, often delivered during its display flight. The typical call is a sharp, thin 'tsip' or 'tseep', frequently given in flight.

During the breeding season, males sing more elaborate sequences from perches or in the air.

Nesting & Breeding

Breeding season for Water Pipits typically begins in late spring. Males establish territories and attract females with aerial display flights and songs.

Nests are built on the ground, often concealed under vegetation or rock overhangs. The cup-shaped nest is constructed of grass and lined with finer materials. Females lay 4-6 eggs, which are greyish-white with dark speckles.

Incubation lasts about 14 days, primarily by the female. Both parents feed the nestlings, which fledge after approximately 14-15 days.

Lifespan

Typical Lifespan Range 2 - 5 years
Max Recorded Lifespan 4.9 years [1]
0
2
4
5
7

years

The Water Pipit typically lives for 2 to 5 years, with a maximum recorded lifespan of 4.9 years.

Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.

Conservation and Status

Global Conservation Status

Least Concern [2]

While the Water Pipit is currently listed as Least Concern, it faces threats from habitat loss due to changes in agricultural practices and climate change.

Conservation efforts focus on preserving high-altitude breeding habitats and protecting wintering grounds in wetland areas.

Population Data

Global Population Estimate

12,920,000 - 25,280,000 mature individuals [3]

Global Population Trend

Stable[4]

Birdwatching Tips

  • Look for Water Pipits near streams, wet meadows, and alpine grasslands
  • Listen for their high-pitched 'tsip' call as they fly
  • Observe their characteristic tail-wagging behaviour when perched
  • In the UK, watch for them in coastal areas during the winter months

Additional Information

Quick Facts

Other names:

Eurasian Water Pipit

Family:

Motacillidae

Predators

Main predators of Water Pipits include small raptors such as Merlins and Sparrowhawks, as well as ground predators like foxes and weasels that may raid nests.

Did You Know?

  1. Water Pipits can survive in high-altitude environments up to 3,000 meters above sea level.
  2. They are one of the few bird species that breed in both the Alps and the Himalayas.
  3. Despite their name, Water Pipits are not strictly tied to aquatic habitats and can be found in dry alpine meadows.

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References

  1. 2 3 4

    website: BirdLife International. 2018. Anthus spinoletta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22718571A131988012.

    View source
  2. 1

    website, 2022: BTO Ringing Report

    View source