Sanderling
Sanderling in summer plumage
Juvenile Sanderling
Sanderling foraging for food in the seaweed
Sanderling in-flight over the open sea
Calidris alba
Sanderlings run tirelessly along sandy beaches, rushing down to feed as the waves recede and sprinting back, seemingly hoping to keep their feet dry. Their comical antics and non-descript looks belie an impressive avian that makes remarkable migrations between Arctic nesting grounds and overwintering grounds as distant as the southern tips of South America and South Africa.
Sanderling
Sanderling in summer plumage
Juvenile Sanderling
Sanderling foraging for food in the seaweed
Sanderling in-flight over the open sea
Scientific name:
Calidris alba
Family:
Sandpipers, snipes and phalaropesConservation status:
Amber
Length:
18cm to 21cm
Wingspan:
36cm to 39cm
Weight:
40g to 100g
The sanderling is a pale, chunky wader with a straight black bill. They have black legs and pure white underparts at all times of the year. Birdwatchers in most parts of the world are likely to see them in their non-breeding plumage when they have silvery gray upperparts.
In the spring, breeding birds develop rusty brown upper parts with black mottling that covers the back, head, and breast. Sanderlings display contrasting dark upper wings with conspicuous white centers and dark tail feathers in flight. These birds are unique among sandpipers in that they lack a backward-facing toe, having three forward-facing digits instead.
Female Sanderlings are similar to males, although somewhat duller in their rufous breeding plumage. Juveniles appear similar to non-breeding adults but have more contrasting checkered upperparts.
Sanderling standing on top of a boulder
The Sanderling has a total length of 18 to 21 centimeters or 7 to 8 inches. Females are generally larger than males.
They weigh 40 to 100 grams or 1½ to 3½ ounces. These birds show remarkable variation in weight at different seasons. They are at their heaviest just before migrating north to nest and can double their weight in just two weeks in preparation for the journey.
Sanderlings have a wingspan of 36 to 39 centimeters or 14 to 15 inches.
Sanderling walking along a sandy beach
Sanderlings perform soft, pipping calls, creating a twittering effect when flocking. Birdwatchers who visit their Arctic breeding grounds may hear their prolonged croaking and squeaking songs.
Sanderling performing soft, pipping call whilst feeding
Sanderlings eat small marine invertebrates like worms and crabs in the winter. They find their food washed up on the sand or by probing with their stout bills. On their nesting grounds, they switch to a diet of small insects like flies and mosquitoes but also eat plant matter when food is scarce.
Sanderling chicks hatch at an advanced stage of development and usually leave the nest within their first twelve hours. They follow their parents to good feeding grounds and begin to catch their own insect prey within just two days.
Sanderling feeding on the shore
Sanderlings are most at home along exposed sandy beaches with a gradual slope. They also visit mudflats, rocky shores, and estuaries, and migrating birds will visit freshwater lakes when migrating over land.
The Sanderling has an immense global distribution covering the coastlines of every continent except for distant Antarctica. They are most at home in the intertidal zone, although they may visit inland waterbodies thousands of miles from the coast on migration.
Sanderlings have no fixed address. These traveling birds live on sandy beaches worldwide, spending almost all their time on the ground. They cover immense distances on migration and can spend hours and even days in flight. Sanderlings do not swim, although they may dive into the water when pursued by a predator.
Sanderlings are reasonably common birds that most beachgoers will spot at one time or another. Their population was estimated at 620,000 to 700,000 individuals in 2015, although their vast range means they occur in fairly low densities in some areas.
Sanderlings can be seen on sandy beaches around practically the entire coastline of North America. Look out for small flocks of these energetic winter migrants along both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.
Sanderlings occur on sandy shores throughout the United Kingdom. The only places you are not likely to see them are along the West Coast of Scotland and the Cornwall coastline in the southwest.
Flock of Sanderlings taking-off from the rocks
Sanderlings have a maximum recorded lifespan of 17 years, although their average life expectancy is closer to seven.
Peregrine Falcons and Merlins are major predators of adult Sanderlings, while Parasitic and Long-tailed Jaegers are significant predators of eggs and chicks on the nesting grounds.
Sanderlings are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in the United Kingdom, by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in North America, and internationally by the Bern Convention.
Sanderlings are not endangered, although their population is thought to be in decline. They are ranked as a ‘Least Concern’ species on the IUCN Red List due to their vast range and large population, although they are difficult to assess due to their remote nesting grounds and scattered wintering population.
Sanderling running along the sandy beach
Sanderlings nest in the tundra of the high Arctic in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Svalbard, and Siberia. They nest on the ground, at low altitudes on open stony plains with low vegetation. Their nest is a shallow hollow in the ground, thinly lined with plant material.
Sanderlings nest in the height of summer in June and July. Their eggs hatch after 23 to 27 days, and they are ready to leave their breeding grounds by early September.
Sanderlings lay three or four eggs, each measuring approximately 36 millimeters long and 25 millimeters wide. Their eggs are lightly speckled and usually olive-green or brownish.
Sanderlings do not mate for life. They generally form monogamous pairs in the nesting season, but some females will mate with several males.
Sanderling nest with two eggs
Sanderlings are territorial when nesting and defend areas several hundred meters wide. Intruders in the nesting territory are chased or attacked. They are more gregarious in the non-breeding season when flocks may join other waders like Knots, Dunlins, and Turnstones.
They are feisty birds and often attempt to steal food from other birds in their flock, particularly meals that are too big to swallow at once. Some birds have an anti-social streak and aggressively defend a small feeding area of their own.
Sanderlings sleep on the nest while incubating. In the non-breeding season, these birds roost standing or squatting on the floor above the high-tide mark in tight flocks, doing their utmost to find a sheltered spot among the crowd.
Small flock of Sanderlings resting on the beach
The Sanderling is a complete migrant. These small shorebirds undertake some of the longest migrations of any bird on the planet, some traveling an incredible 6,000 miles or more between summer breeding grounds in the Arctic tundra and sandy beaches in the Southern Hemisphere.
Sanderlings are native to North America. They breed and overwinter on the continent.
Sanderlings are native to the United Kingdom, where they occur as a common winter visitor.
Sanderling in-flight over the ocean
Dunlin and Sanderling appear very similar in their non-breeding plumage, although the Dunlin has a longer, slightly down-curved bill. Both species develop rich reddish upperparts ahead of the breeding season, but the Dunlin differs in having a large black belly patch.
A flock of sanderlings is known as a ‘grain,’ which is an appropriate name for a bird that spends so much time on the sand!
The word sanderling comes from an Old English word that means sand ploughman.
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