Griffon Vulture
Gyps fulvus
Visual Identification
Appearance
The Griffon Vulture is a massive bird of prey with a pale buff-brown body and contrasting dark flight feathers. Its broad wings and short, square tail are adaptations for soaring. The bird's small, bare head and long neck are covered in white down, while a distinctive ruff of feathers encircles the base of the neck, like a collar.
Juveniles have darker plumage and a more pronounced ruff. There is little difference between males and females, though females are slightly larger. The bird's pale colouration may darken with age.
Size
Length
93cm to 122cm
Wingspan
230cm to 280cm
Weight
6kg to 11.3kg
Colours
Males and females have similar plumage
Primary Colour
Brown Buff
Secondary Colour
White Black
Beak Colour
Grey
Leg Colour
Grey
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
Griffon Vultures inhabit mountainous and open areas across southern Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia. They prefer regions with steep cliffs for nesting and open landscapes for foraging. These birds are particularly common in Spain, which hosts a significant portion of the European population.
Some individuals from northern populations may move southward during winter, while others remain year-round in their breeding areas. In the UK, Griffon Vultures are rare vagrants, occasionally spotted in southern England.
Elevation Range
Up to 3,000 meters
Climate zones
Temperate, Mediterranean, Subtropical
Distribution Map
This map gives you a rough idea of where you might spot a Griffon Vulture. The coloured areas show countries where these birds have been seen.
A few things to keep in mind:
- Birds might not be everywhere in the coloured areas, for example, they may be present around the coast of that country
- Where birds live can change with seasons and available food
- This map is quite simple - it doesn't show exact locations
We're working on making our maps even better! Soon, we hope to show you:
- More detailed maps for bigger countries, including state and region
- How birds move around during different seasons
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
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Share your thoughtsBird Attributes Explained
Our bird attributes system rates various aspects of a bird's capabilities on a scale of 0-100, based on data from field observations, scientific studies, and expert knowledge.
Attribute Categories:
- Agility: Manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
- Strength: Physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
- Adaptability: Ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
- Aggressiveness: Territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
- Endurance: Stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
Understanding the Ratings:
- 0-20: Very Low
- 21-40: Low
- 41-60: Average
- 61-80: High
- 81-100: Very High
Remember, these attributes are relative to other bird species and don't necessarily indicate superiority.
Hover over the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Agility
Reflects the bird's manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
The Griffon Vulture exhibits remarkable agility in flight, with broad wings and a short, square tail perfectly adapted for soaring. Their ability to effortlessly ride thermals and perform precise manoeuvres whilst searching for carrion demonstrates exceptional aerial prowess.
Strength
Indicates the bird's physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
As a very large bird of prey, the Griffon Vulture possesses considerable strength. Their powerful build allows them to consume and digest large quantities of carrion, with the ability to eat up to 1.5 kg in a single meal. Their robust physique is essential for their scavenging lifestyle.
Adaptability
Represents the bird's ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
Griffon Vultures show good adaptability, inhabiting a range of elevations up to 3,000 meters and thriving in various climate zones from temperate to subtropical. Their ability to neutralise harmful bacteria in their digestive system also speaks to their adaptive capabilities.
Aggressiveness
Measures the bird's territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
While formidable in appearance, Griffon Vultures are not particularly aggressive birds. They are highly social, often feeding in groups, and primarily communicate through body language rather than aggressive displays. Their scavenging nature means they rarely engage in predatory behaviour.
Endurance
Reflects the bird's stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
The Griffon Vulture demonstrates exceptional endurance. Their ability to soar for extended periods, covering vast distances in search of food, coupled with their long lifespan of 30-40 years, indicates remarkable stamina. Their capacity to thrive in diverse habitats and climates further attests to their endurance.
Diet
Griffon Vultures are obligate scavengers, primarily feeding on the carcasses of medium to large mammals. They have a preference for soft tissues and can consume up to 1.5 kg of meat in a single meal. Their strong digestive system allows them to process carrion that would be toxic to other animals.
They will sometimes attack sick or injured live animals, and when food is scarce, they often scavenge at municipal dumps.
Behaviour
Griffon Vultures are highly social, often roosting and feeding in large groups. They spend much of their day soaring on thermals, using their keen eyesight to locate carrion.
These birds are remarkably silent, communicating mainly through body language and hisses when gathered around a carcass.
Vocalisation
Griffon Vultures are generally quiet birds. When they do vocalise, it's often at feeding sites or nesting colonies. Their repertoire includes low grunts, hisses, and whistling sounds. During courtship, pairs may produce soft mewing calls. The absence of a syrinx limits their vocal range.
Nesting & Breeding
Griffon Vultures form monogamous pairs and breed in large colonies on cliff faces. Courtship begins in December, involving mutual preening and soaring displays. Nests are built on ledges or in small caves, using sticks lined with softer materials.
Females typically lay a single white egg with brown markings. Both parents share incubation duties, which last about 52-58 days. When the chick hatches, it is covered in white down.
The nestling period lasts approximately 110-130 days, during which both parents care for the chick. Young vultures remain dependent on their parents for several months after fledging, gradually learning to forage independently.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
While currently listed as Least Concern, Griffon Vultures face threats from habitat loss, poisoning, and collisions with wind turbines. Conservation efforts focus on protecting nesting sites, establishing feeding stations, and reducing the use of harmful veterinary drugs in livestock that can poison vultures.
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for Griffon Vultures soaring high in the sky, often in groups
- In flight, the wingtips are deeply fingered
- Visit known nesting sites on cliff faces during the breeding season
- Observe their distinctive v-shaped wing posture when gliding
- Once one bird sees a likely meal and descends to feed, others follow immediately
- Their preference for a diet of viscera means they can often be spotted with their heads and long necks deep inside the body cavity of a carcass, emerging with their white heads and necks suitably attired in blood and gore
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Predators
Adult Griffon Vultures have few natural predators due to their size. Eagles may occasionally prey on juveniles or eggs, while terrestrial predators like foxes can be a threat to ground-nesting pairs.
Did You Know?
- Griffon Vultures can spot a 1-meter carcass from 5 km away.
- Their digestive system is strong enough to neutralise anthrax bacteria.
- A group of vultures circling in the air is called a 'kettle'.
Similar Birds
References
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website: BirdLife International. 2021. Gyps fulvus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22695219A157719127.
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