Roseate Tern
Least ConcernSterna dougallii
Visual Identification
Roseate Tern
Appearance
The Roseate Tern is a slender, medium-sized seabird with pale grey upperparts and white underparts. Its long, forked tail and black cap are distinctive features.
During the breeding season, adults develop a rosy pink tinge on their underparts, giving the species its name. The bill is red with a black tip.
In winter, the black cap recedes, leaving a white forehead, the tail plumes are noticeably shorter, and the bright-red-orange legs, feet and bill become duller.
Juveniles have a mottled brown pattern on their backs and wings, with a greyish-black cap and shorter tail streamers than adults.
Size
Length
33cm to 41cm
Wingspan
72cm to 80cm
Weight
95g to 130g
Colours
Males and females have similar plumage
Primary Colour
White Grey
Secondary Colour
Black Pink
Beak Colour
Black Red Orange
Leg Colour
Red Orange
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
Roseate Terns inhabit coastal regions worldwide, including tropical and temperate zones. They prefer offshore islands, rocky coasts, and sandy beaches for breeding. During non-breeding seasons, they disperse widely across oceans.
Significant breeding populations can be found in the northeastern United States, parts of the UK, and eastern Australia. Wintering areas include the Caribbean and West Africa for North Atlantic populations.
Three large breeding colonies exist in North America: Great Gull Island in New York, with more than 9,500 pairs, and Ram Island and Bird Island in Massachusetts, which host 2,500 and 3,000 pairs, respectively.
Rockabill Island, in County Dublin, is the species’ largest European colony, accounting for more than 75 per cent of the continent’s population.
Elevation Range
Sea level to 100 meters
Climate zones
Tropical, Subtropical, Temperate
Distribution Map
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
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Diet
Roseate terns are fish eaters, catching their prey by plunge-diving, spotting prey from the air before swiftly diving to catch it just below the water's surface. Sand lance, blueback herring, striped anchovies, Atlantic herring and bay anchovies are among the most popular species.
Occasionally, they may also consume small crustaceans, squid and insects. They may be observed to mob other seabirds in order to steal their prey, with puffins and brown pelicans frequently being targeted in this way.
Behaviour
Roseate Terns are graceful flyers. They are often seen diving into the water from up to 20 meters in height to catch fish.
They are colonial nesters, forming tight-knit groups during breeding season. These birds are known for aggressively defending nesting sites against predators and intruders.
Vocalisation
The Roseate Tern's call is a distinctive, harsh 'kir-rick' or 'kee-ack'. During courtship, they produce a softer, purring sound. When alarmed, they emit a sharp, staccato 'kik-kik-kik'.
Their vocalisations are generally higher-pitched and more musical than those of other tern species.
Nesting & Breeding
Roseate Terns typically form monogamous pairs and breed in colonies, often alongside other tern species. The breeding season varies by location but generally occurs between April and July in the Northern Hemisphere.
Nests are simple scrapes in sand, rock crevices, or among vegetation, sometimes lined with shells or pebbles. Females usually lay 1-2 eggs, which are pale brown with dark speckles.
Both parents incubate the eggs for about 23-24 days. Chicks fledge after 27-30 days but continue to receive parental care for several more weeks as they learn to fish independently.
Lifespan
The Roseate Tern typically lives for 8 years, with a maximum recorded lifespan of 25.7 years.
Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
Despite being listed as Least Concern globally, Roseate Tern populations face regional challenges. Habitat loss, predation, and climate change impact breeding success.
Conservation efforts focus on protecting nesting sites, managing predators, and creating artificial nesting habitats to support population recovery.
Population Data
Global Population Estimate
200,000 - 220,000 individuals [3]
Global Population Trend
Trend data may be uncertain or fluctuating
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for Roseate Terns in coastal areas, especially near sandy or rocky islands.
- Observe their distinctive forked tail and listen for their characteristic 'kir-rick' call.
- Visit known breeding colonies in the summer months for the best chance of sightings.
- In the UK, try birdwatching at Coquet Island in Northumberland or North Solent in Hampshire.
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Other names:
Rosy Tern
Family:
LaridaePredators
Main predators include gulls, skuas, rats, and introduced mammals like minks and foxes. Peregrine falcons occasionally prey on adult Roseate Terns.
Did You Know?
- Roseate Terns can live for over 25 years, making them one of the longest-lived tern species.
- They are capable of diving up to 40 cm deep to catch fish.
- Roseate Terns often return to the same breeding colony year after year, showing high site fidelity.
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References
- 2
website: BirdLife International. 2018. Sterna dougallii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22694601A132260491.
View source - 3
report, 2015: Wetlands International
- 1
website: Longevity Records Of North American Birds. Version 2023.1
View source