Black Tern
Least ConcernChlidonias niger
Visual Identification
Appearance
The Black Tern is a small, slender seabird with a distinctive appearance. In breeding plumage, it boasts a striking black head, body, and underwings, contrasting sharply with grey upperwings and a white vent area. Its short, black bill and small, dark legs complete its elegant profile.
Non-breeding adults and juveniles display a duller coloration, with a white body, grey back and wings, and a black cap and ear patch. This seasonal transformation makes the Black Tern a fascinating subject for year-round observation.
Females are similar to males but can be identified by their slightly paler breeding plumage. Juveniles are similar to adults in their pale non-breeding plumage but have brown back feathers with lighter edges. The forehead and base of the bill may be browner than on adults.
Size
Length
22cm to 26cm
Wingspan
56cm to 62cm
Weight
50g to 75g
Colours
Males and females have similar plumage
Primary Colour
Black Grey
Secondary Colour
White
Beak Colour
Black
Leg Colour
Black
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
During the breeding season, Black Terns inhabit freshwater marshes, wet meadows, and shallow lakes, preferring areas with abundant floating vegetation. Their breeding range spans northern North America and Eurasia, from the Great Plains to Scandinavia.
During winter, these birds migrate to coastal marine environments in tropical and subtropical regions. In North America, they can be found along both coasts and inland waterways during migration, offering birdwatchers diverse opportunities for observation.
Elevation Range
Up to 1,000 meters
Climate zones
Temperate, Tropical
Distribution Map
This map gives you a rough idea of where you might spot a Black Tern. The coloured areas show countries where these birds have been seen.
A few things to keep in mind:
- Birds might not be everywhere in the coloured areas, for example, they may be present around the coast of that country
- Where birds live can change with seasons and available food
- This map is quite simple - it doesn't show exact locations
We're working on making our maps even better! Soon, we hope to show you:
- More detailed maps for bigger countries, including state and region
- How birds move around during different seasons
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
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Share your thoughtsBird Attributes Explained
Our bird attributes system rates various aspects of a bird's capabilities on a scale of 0-100, based on data from field observations, scientific studies, and expert knowledge.
Attribute Categories:
- Agility: Manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
- Strength: Physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
- Adaptability: Ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
- Aggressiveness: Territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
- Endurance: Stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
Understanding the Ratings:
- 0-20: Very Low
- 21-40: Low
- 41-60: Average
- 61-80: High
- 81-100: Very High
Remember, these attributes are relative to other bird species and don't necessarily indicate superiority.
Hover over the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Agility
Reflects the bird's manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
The Black Tern exhibits exceptional agility, renowned for its swallow-like flight and impressive aerial acrobatics. Its ability to perform precise manoeuvres, including swift dips and dives to catch prey on the wing, demonstrates remarkable aerial prowess.
Strength
Indicates the bird's physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
Whilst not particularly strong for its size, the Black Tern possesses adequate strength for its lifestyle. It can carry small fish and insects, and navigate long-distance migrations, but lacks the robust build of larger seabirds.
Adaptability
Represents the bird's ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
Black Terns show high adaptability, thriving in both freshwater and marine environments across seasons. Their ability to adjust their diet based on prey availability and successfully inhabit diverse habitats during breeding and migration periods indicates strong adaptive capabilities.
Aggressiveness
Measures the bird's territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
Though not overly aggressive, Black Terns display moderate aggression when defending their nests and territories. They form loose colonies and engage in aerial displays, suggesting a balance between social behaviour and territorial instincts.
Endurance
Reflects the bird's stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
The Black Tern demonstrates remarkable endurance, undertaking long-distance migrations of up to 20,000 km annually. This, combined with their energetic feeding style and ability to remain airborne for extended periods, reflects exceptional stamina for a bird of its size.
Diet
Black Terns are opportunistic feeders, primarily consuming insects caught in flight over water or land. They also eat small fish, amphibians, and crustaceans, adapting their diet based on availability.
Their unique feeding style involves graceful dips and dives, precisely snatching prey from the water's surface or air.
Behaviour
Black Terns are renowned for their agile, swallow-like flight. They are often seen skimming low over water to snatch insects or small fish from the surface.
They are highly social, forming loose colonies during breeding season and larger flocks during migration. These birds frequently engage in aerial displays, showcasing their impressive maneuverability.
Vocalisation
The Black Tern's vocalizations are distinctive and varied. Their most common call is a sharp, high-pitched 'kik' or 'kik-kik', often heard during flight or when alarmed.
During courtship, they produce a softer, more musical 'kyew' sound. These vocalizations play a crucial role in communication within colonies.
Nesting & Breeding
Black Terns typically form loose colonies during the breeding season, which spans from May to July in North America. Courtship involves aerial displays and food offerings between mates, cementing pair bonds.
Nests are built on floating vegetation or small mud islands, often in shallow water. The female lays 2-4 olive-brown eggs with dark markings, well-camouflaged against their surroundings.
Both parents share incubation duties for about 21 days. Chicks are semi-precocial, able to leave the nest within days of hatching but remaining dependent on parents for food and protection for several weeks.
Lifespan
The Black Tern typically lives for 8 years, with a maximum recorded lifespan of 21 years.
Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
While currently listed as Least Concern globally, Black Tern populations have declined in parts of North America due to wetland habitat loss and degradation.
Conservation efforts focus on protecting and restoring breeding habitats, particularly in the Great Lakes region and prairie pothole areas.
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for Black Terns over freshwater marshes and lakes during summer months.
- Observe their distinctive dipping flight as they feed on insects above the water.
- Listen for their sharp, high-pitched 'kik' or 'kik-kik' calls.
- In the US and Canada, visit wetland areas from May to August for the best chance of sightings.
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Other names:
Short-tailed Tern
Family:
LaridaePredators
Did You Know?
- Black Terns can drink on the wing by skimming the water's surface with their lower mandible.
- They are one of the few tern species that primarily inhabit freshwater environments during breeding season.
- Black Terns have been known to travel over 20,000 km annually during migration.
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References
- 2 4
website: BirdLife International. 2019. Chlidonias niger (amended version of 2018 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22694787A155491450.
View source - 3
report, 2015: Wetlands International
- 1
website, 2010: Fransson et al., EURING list of longevity records for European birds
View source