Great Grey Shrike
Least ConcernLanius excubitor
Visual Identification
Great Grey Shrike
Appearance
The Great Grey Shrike is a medium-sized passerine with a distinctive appearance. It has a pale grey body, white underparts, and a striking black mask across its eyes. The wings are black with white patches, and the tail is long and black with white outer feathers.
Females have the same markings as males and may be indistinguishable from a distance, but on closer inspection, they have a slightly brownish wash.
Juveniles show a duller plumage and faint barring on the underparts. The bird maintains its plumage year-round, with no significant seasonal changes.
Size
Length
22cm to 26cm
Wingspan
30cm to 36cm
Weight
60g to 70g
Colours
Males and females have similar plumage
Primary Colour
Grey White Black
Beak Colour
Black
Leg Colour
Black
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
Great Grey Shrikes inhabit open landscapes with scattered trees and shrubs, including woodland edges, heathland, and farmland. They are found across northern Europe, Asia, and North America, with a preference for boreal and temperate regions.
In the UK, they are primarily winter visitors arriving from Scandinavia. Small numbers can be spotted in suitable habitats across England and Scotland from October to March.
Elevation Range
Sea level to 2,800 meters
Climate zones
Temperate, Subarctic
Distribution Map
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
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Diet
Great Grey Shrikes are carnivorous, primarily feeding on small mammals, birds, and large insects. Voles make up the largest element of their diet.
They are known for their unique habit of impaling prey on thorns or barbed wire, creating 'larders' to store food for later consumption. This behaviour has earned them the nickname 'butcher bird'.
They are also skilled at removing the outer skin or feathers of a reptile or bird, meaning they are able to eat a wider range of prey than many other species by removing any toxic or poisonous spines or spikes. Pellets containing undigested parts, such as bones and hair, are later ejected.
Behaviour
Great Grey Shrikes are solitary birds, often seen perched atop prominent lookouts such as fence posts or treetops. They employ a 'sit-and-wait' hunting strategy, scanning the ground for prey.
When threatened, they may perform a distinctive tail-pumping display, raising and lowering their tail repeatedly.
Vocalisation
Great Grey Shrikes have a varied vocal repertoire. Their calls include harsh, chattering notes and a distinctive 'shack-shack' alarm call.
During the breeding season, males produce a warbling song that includes mimicry of other bird species, often delivered from a prominent perch.
Nesting & Breeding
Breeding typically occurs from April to July. Males perform aerial displays and offer food to attract mates. Pairs are monogamous during the breeding season.
Nests are built in trees or tall shrubs, using twigs, grass, and moss lined with softer materials. Females lay 5-7 eggs, which are pale green or buff with brown spots.
Incubation lasts about 16 days, primarily by the female. Both parents feed the nestlings, which fledge after 19-20 days but remain dependent on adults for several weeks.
Lifespan
years
The Great Grey Shrike typically lives for 3 to 5 years.
Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
While listed as Least Concern globally, Great Grey Shrike populations are declining in parts of Europe due to habitat loss.
Conservation efforts focus on maintaining suitable open habitats with scattered trees and bushes, crucial for their hunting and nesting needs.
Population Data
Global Population Estimate
Unknown
Global Population Trend
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for them perched on exposed branches or poles in open areas
- Listen for their harsh, chattering calls
- Observe their hunting behaviour, including impaling prey on thorns
- In the UK, watch for them in winter months in heathland and farmland areas
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Other names:
Northern Shrike, Northern Grey Shrike, Butcher Bird
Family:
LaniidaePredators
Main predators include larger birds of prey such as hawks and owls, as well as mammalian predators like foxes and martens.
Did You Know?
- Great Grey Shrikes can hover like kestrels when hunting.
- They have exceptionally sharp eyesight, spotting small prey from 50 meters away.
- In some regions, they are considered indicators of environmental health due to their sensitivity to habitat changes.
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FAQs
Is a Great Grey Shrike a bird of prey?
Rather than being classed as a bird of prey, a great grey shrike can be termed a predatory songbird, using their precision hunting and butchering skills to capture and prepare prey before eating it.
References
- 1
website: BirdLife International. 2019. Lanius excubitor (amended version of 2017 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T103718932A155573860.
View source - 2
report, 2016: Yosef and International Shrike Working Group