Eurasian Bittern

Least Concern

Botaurus stellaris

Hidden in wetlands, the Eurasian Bittern's booming call echoes across the reeds, announcing this elusive heron's presence long before it's seen.

Visual Identification

Appearance

The Bittern is a stocky, medium-sized heron with cryptic plumage. Its mottled brown feathers, streaked with black, create an intricate pattern that perfectly mimics the play of light and shadow in reedbeds.

The bird's stout neck, crown, and distinctive black moustachial stripes contribute to its unique appearance. They have short but seemingly oversized yellow legs and feet, straight, pale beaks and small eyes.

Males and females are similar in appearance, though males tend to be slightly larger. Juveniles resemble adults but may have a slightly warmer, more rufous tone to their plumage. The Bittern's plumage remains consistent year-round, aiding in its perpetual camouflage.

Size

Length

69cm to 81cm

Wingspan

100cm to 130cm

Weight

900g to 1.9kg

Colours

Males and females have similar plumage

Primary Colour

Brown

Secondary Colour

Black Buff

Beak Colour

Yellow Brown

Leg Colour

Green

Habitat and Distribution

Habitats

Woodland

Garden

Wetland

Coastal

Urban

Farmland

Grassland

Desert

Tundra

Rainforest

Mountain

Savanna

Distribution

Bitterns are strongly associated with dense reedbeds in freshwater and brackish wetlands, including marshes, lake edges, and slow-flowing rivers. They require extensive areas of tall reeds for both feeding and breeding, making them highly dependent on this specific habitat type.

The species is widely distributed across Eurasia, from the British Isles through continental Europe, Russia, and parts of Central and East Asia. In the UK, they are year-round residents in suitable wetland habitats, with some birds undertaking short-distance migrations in response to harsh winter conditions.

Visit wetlands at the following UK sites for your best chance of a sighting:

  • RSPB Minsmere in Suffolk
  • The Great Fen in Cambridgeshire
  • Leighton Moss in Lancashire
  • RSPB Ham Wall in Somerset
  • Newport Wetlands, Wales
  • RSPB St. Aidan’s, West Yorkshire

Elevation Range

Up to 1,400 meters

Climate zones

Temperate, Subtropical

Distribution Map

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Resident
Breeding
Non-breeding
Passage
Vagrant

Distribution by Region

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Behaviour and Ecology

Bird Attributes

Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.

Agility 75
Strength 60
Adaptability 90
Aggressiveness 40
Endurance 70

Diet

Bitterns are opportunistic predators, primarily feeding on fish, eels, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates.

They hunt by standing motionless at the water's edge or slowly stalking through shallow water, using their sharp bill to spear prey with lightning-fast strikes. Their diet may also include small mammals and birds when available.

Behaviour

Bitterns are renowned for their remarkable camouflage behaviour, often standing motionless with their bill pointed skyward to mimic surrounding reeds. This 'freeze' posture can be maintained for extended periods when the bird feels threatened.

They are primarily solitary, becoming vocal and more active during the breeding season when males perform their distinctive booming display to attract mates.

Vocalisation

The Bittern's most famous vocalisation is the male's deep, resonant 'boom' used during breeding season. This distinctive call, sounding like a distant foghorn or someone blowing across a bottle, can be heard up to 5 km (3 miles) away.

The boom is produced by inflating the oesophagus and is typically repeated in a series of 2-5 booms. The best time to listen for this impressive call is often in the quiet hour of dawn.

Nesting & Breeding

Bittern breeding season typically begins in late winter or early spring, with males initiating their booming calls to establish territories and attract females. These calls can carry for up to 5 kilometers, serving as a key part of their courtship ritual.

Females construct nests low in the reeds, usually just above water level. The nest is a platform of dead reeds and other vegetation. A typical clutch consists of 3-5 olive-brown eggs, which are incubated solely by the female.

Incubation lasts about 25-26 days, with chicks hatching asynchronously. The female cares for the young alone, feeding them regurgitated food. Fledging occurs after about 50-55 days, though young may remain dependent on the female for several more weeks.

Lifespan

Typical Lifespan Range 4 - years
Max Recorded Lifespan 11.3 years [1]
0
3
7
10
13

years

The Eurasian Bittern typically lives for 4 years, with a maximum recorded lifespan of 11.3 years.

Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.

Conservation and Status

Global Conservation Status

Least Concern [2]

While listed as Least Concern globally, Bitterns have faced significant declines in parts of their range due to wetland drainage and habitat loss.

Conservation efforts, particularly in the UK and Europe, focus on restoring and managing reedbed habitats. These initiatives have led to local population recoveries, highlighting the importance of wetland preservation for this species.

Population Data

Global Population Estimate

115,000 - 340,000 mature individuals [3]

Global Population Trend

Decreasing[4]

Birdwatching Tips

  • Listen for the male's distinctive booming call in spring, especially at dawn and dusk
  • Scan reedbeds carefully, looking for slight movements or the distinctive shape of a bittern's head and bill
  • Visit wetland reserves with viewing platforms for better chances of spotting this elusive bird
  • In the UK, try sites like RSPB Minsmere or Leighton Moss for Bittern sightings

Additional Information

Quick Facts

Other names:

Bittern, Great Bittern

Family:

Ardeidae

Predators

Adult Bitterns have few natural predators due to their cryptic coloration and habitat, but eggs and young may fall prey to foxes, otters, and large birds of prey.

Did You Know?

  1. Bitterns can compress their bodies vertically, making them even harder to spot among reeds.
  2. The species name 'stellaris' refers to their star-like, speckled plumage.
  3. Bitterns have been known to freeze in their camouflage pose for hours at a time.

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FAQs

Are there Bitterns in Scotland?

Bitterns are rare visitors to Scotland. They do not nest there, but it is hoped that their breeding range may expand northwards in time.

What is the best time of day to see Bitterns?

The low light of dawn and dusk provide the best chance of spotting the Bittern. These shy birds rarely break cover and generally fly for short distances, dropping quickly out of sight.

Do Bitterns call at night?

The Bittern’s booming call can be heard by day or night, although their ‘Kaa’ flight call is more likely to be heard after dark.

References

  1. 2 4

    website: BirdLife International. 2016. Botaurus stellaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22697346A86438000.

    View source
  2. 3

    report, 2015: Wetlands International

  3. 1

    website, 2010: Fransson et al., EURING list of longevity records for European birds

    View source