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Snow Bunting

Plectrophenax nivalis

Least Concern
A small songbird that breeds in extreme climates, these gregarious birds live in cold, open habitats, frequently flying from spot to spot and showing off their snow-white wing and tail feathers.
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Visual Identification

Appearance

The Snow Bunting is a small, plump bird with distinctive white and black plumage. In breeding season, males display striking pure white bodies with contrasting black backs and wing tips. Females and non-breeding males have a more mottled brown appearance.

During winter, both sexes develop a rusty-brown wash on their heads and backs. The bird's rounded head, short neck, and stubby bill give it a characteristic chunky silhouette. The bill is black during the breeding season in both sexes, changing to a yellow-brown shade in the winter.

Juveniles seen from July to September are greyish above with paler bellies and a yellowish bill. These dull feathers are soon lost as they moult into their adult plumage.

Size

Length

15cm to 18cm

Wingspan

32cm to 38cm

Weight

30g to 50g

Colours

Male Female

Primary Colour

White Black

Secondary Colour

Brown

Beak Colour

Yellow

Leg Colour

Black

Primary Colour (Female)

Brown White

Secondary Colour (Female)

Black

Beak Colour (Female)

Yellow

Leg Colour (Female)

Black

Habitat and Distribution

Habitats

Woodland

The Snow Bunting is not typically found in Woodland habitats.

Garden

The Snow Bunting is not typically found in Garden habitats.

Wetland

The Snow Bunting is not typically found in Wetland habitats.

Coastal

The Snow Bunting can be found in Coastal habitats.

Urban

The Snow Bunting is not typically found in Urban habitats.

Farmland

The Snow Bunting is not typically found in Farmland habitats.

Grassland

The Snow Bunting is not typically found in Grassland habitats.

Desert

The Snow Bunting is not typically found in Desert habitats.

Tundra

The Snow Bunting can be found in Tundra habitats.

Rainforest

The Snow Bunting is not typically found in Rainforest habitats.

Mountain

The Snow Bunting can be found in Mountain habitats.

Savanna

The Snow Bunting is not typically found in Savanna habitats.

Distribution

Snow Buntings breed in the high Arctic tundra, favouring rocky areas and cliffs. Their breeding range includes northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and northern Eurasia. During winter, they migrate southward to open fields, coastal areas, and prairies.

In North America, they can be found across much of Canada and the northern United States. In Europe, they winter along coastal areas and in open countryside, with significant populations in the UK, particularly in Scotland and eastern England.

The only place to see Snow Buntings in the UK summer is a few high mountain peaks in Scotland.

Elevation Range

Sea level to 3,000 meters

Climate zones

Arctic, Subarctic, Temperate

Distribution Map

This map gives you a rough idea of where you might spot a Snow Bunting. The coloured areas show countries where these birds have been seen.

A few things to keep in mind:

  • Birds might not be everywhere in the coloured areas, for example, they may be present around the coast of that country
  • Where birds live can change with seasons and available food
  • This map is quite simple - it doesn't show exact locations

We're working on making our maps even better! Soon, we hope to show you:

  • More detailed maps for bigger countries, including state and region
  • How birds move around during different seasons
© 2024 - Birdfact
Resident
Breeding
Non-breeding
Passage
Vagrant

Distribution by Region

Species that can be found in the area throughout the year
Bermuda China Denmark Faroe Islands Finland Germany Greenland Iceland Ireland Japan Kazakhstan Poland Russia Saint Pierre and Miquelon South Korea Sweden Switzerland The Bahamas The United Kingdom Turks and Caicos
Species that are present in the area during their breeding season
Norway Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands United States of America
Species that are present in the area outside their breeding season
Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Estonia France Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Ukraine
Species that pass through the area during migration
Canada
Species that appear infrequently (rare) and unpredictably outside their normal range
Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Luxembourg Malta Mongolia Montenegro Morocco North Korea Serbia Spain Turkey

Behaviour and Ecology

Bird Attributes

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Bird Attributes Explained

Our bird attributes system rates various aspects of a bird's capabilities on a scale of 0-100, based on data from field observations, scientific studies, and expert knowledge.

Attribute Categories:
  • Agility: Manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
  • Strength: Physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
  • Adaptability: Ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
  • Aggressiveness: Territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
  • Endurance: Stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.

Understanding the Ratings:

  • 0-20: Very Low
  • 21-40: Low
  • 41-60: Average
  • 61-80: High
  • 81-100: Very High

Remember, these attributes are relative to other bird species and don't necessarily indicate superiority.

Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.

Agility 85

Agility

Reflects the bird's manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.

Snow Buntings display remarkable agility, particularly evident in their ground-foraging behaviour and aerial displays. Their ability to run and hop swiftly, coupled with their capacity to form large, swirling flocks, demonstrates high manoeuvrability and quick reflexes.

Strength 40

Strength

Indicates the bird's physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.

As small, plump birds, Snow Buntings possess moderate strength relative to their size. Their ability to survive harsh Arctic conditions suggests some physical robustness, but they are not notably strong compared to larger bird species.

Adaptability 95

Adaptability

Represents the bird's ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.

Snow Buntings exhibit exceptional adaptability, thriving in extreme Arctic environments and adjusting to varied habitats during migration. Their capacity to tunnel through snow for food and shelter, coupled with their wide elevation range from sea level to 3,000 metres, underscores their remarkable adaptability.

Aggressiveness 30

Aggressiveness

Measures the bird's territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.

Snow Buntings are not particularly aggressive birds. They form social flocks outside the breeding season and display typical territorial behaviour during breeding, but are not known for marked aggression towards other species or amongst themselves.

Endurance 90

Endurance

Reflects the bird's stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.

The Snow Bunting's endurance is impressive, evidenced by their long-distance migrations and ability to withstand extreme Arctic conditions. As one of the northernmost breeding songbirds, their cold-hardiness and capacity to survive in challenging environments demonstrate exceptional endurance.

Diet

Snow Buntings primarily feed on seeds, particularly those of grasses and sedges. During the breeding season, they supplement their diet with insects, spiders, and other small invertebrates. They often forage in small flocks, pecking at seeds on the ground or plucking them directly from plants.

These birds often feed along agricultural fields in the winter, looking for grain and weed seeds uncovered along roadsides. They also feed along the shoreline of sandy beaches, hunting small invertebrates like amphipods.

Behaviour

Snow Buntings are ground-foraging birds, often seen running and hopping rather than walking. They form large, swirling flocks in winter, creating mesmerising aerial displays.

These birds are known for their cold hardiness, often being the northernmost songbirds encountered by Arctic explorers.

Vocalisation

Snow Buntings have a musical, tinkling call often described as 'tew' or 'pew'. Their song, which is heard mainly in breeding areas, is a warbling series of sweet whistles and trills.

In flight, they make a soft, rattling sound. During winter, flocks communicate with quiet, conversational chirps and twitters.

Nesting & Breeding

Snow Buntings begin their breeding season in late May to early June. Males arrive first to establish territories, performing flight displays to attract females. Pairs form monogamous bonds for the breeding season.

Nests are built in rock crevices or other sheltered spots, using grass, moss, and feathers. Females typically lay 4-7 pale blue-green or creamy-white eggs with brown speckles. The eggs are well-insulated against the cold Arctic environment.

Incubation lasts about 12-13 days, by the female, whilst the male brings food. Both parents feed the chicks, which fledge after 10-17 days. Pairs often raise only one brood per season due to the short Arctic summer.

Conservation and Status

Global Conservation Status

Least Concern [1]

While currently listed as Least Concern, Snow Buntings face threats from climate change affecting their Arctic breeding grounds. Habitat loss due to changes in agriculture and coastal development also impacts their wintering areas.

Conservation efforts focus on protecting both breeding and wintering habitats.

Population Data

Global Population Estimate

40,000,000 mature individuals [2]

Global Population Trend

[3]

Trend data may be uncertain or fluctuating

Birdwatching Tips

  • Look for Snow Buntings in open, snowy fields or rocky coastal areas during winter.
  • Listen for their distinctive, tinkling call, often described as a soft 'tew' or 'pew'.
  • Observe their unique 'crawling' behaviour as they forage on the ground.
  • In the UK, watch for them along the eastern and northern coasts from October to March.

Additional Information

Quick Facts

Other names:

Snowflake

Family:

Calcariidae

Average Lifespan

3 years

Max Lifespan

10.2 years [4]

Predators

Main predators include Arctic foxes, weasels, and birds of prey such as Snowy Owls, jaegers, and falcons. Cats and rats may pose threats in wintering areas.

Did You Know?

  1. Snow Buntings are one of the most northerly breeding passerine birds in the world.
  2. They can tunnel through snow to find food and shelter from harsh weather.
  3. Male Snow Buntings achieve their pure white summer plumage through wear, not moulting.

FAQs

How to attract Snow Buntings?

Snow Buntings are very difficult to attract unless you live in an area they frequent. In such places, these birds may be attracted by spreading birdseed on the ground.

Do Snow Buntings visit feeders?

Snow Buntings do not visit bird feeders. These migratory nomads prefer to feed on the ground in wide-open habitats.

What is a flock of Snow Buntings called?

A flock of Snow Buntings is known collectively as a drift. Individual birds are often described as ‘snowflakes’.

Is a Snow Bunting a sparrow?

Snow Buntings are not in the same family as sparrows. In fact, Snow Buntings are members of the Calcariidae family (Longspurs and Snow Buntings), while sparrows are from the Passeridae and Passerellidae families.

References

  1. 1

    website: BirdLife International. 2016. Plectrophenax nivalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22721043A89345729.

    View source
  2. 2 3

    report, 2007: Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven

  3. 4

    website, 2010: Fransson et al., EURING list of longevity records for European birds

    View source

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