Lapland Longspur

Least Concern

Calcarius lapponicus

A hardy songbird that transforms from tundra to farmland, sporting a striking black-and-white breeding plumage in summer.

Visual Identification

Appearance

The Lapland Longspur is a small, stocky bird with a distinctive appearance. Males in breeding plumage have a striking black face and throat, contrasting with a white eyestripe and chestnut nape. Their upperparts are streaked brown, while the underparts are white with black streaks on the flanks.

Females and non-breeding males are less conspicuous, with brown-streaked upperparts and buffy underparts. Both sexes have a yellowish bill with a dark tip and black legs. In flight, their white outer tail feathers are noticeable.

Juvenile Lapland longspurs resemble non-breeding males but are altogether darker and more streaked and have less vibrant markings with browner tones.

Size

Length

15cm to 16cm

Wingspan

22cm to 28cm

Weight

20g to 35g

Colours

Primary Colour

Brown Black White

Secondary Colour

Buff Rufous

Beak Colour

Yellow

Leg Colour

Black

Habitat and Distribution

Habitats

Woodland

Garden

Wetland

Coastal

Urban

Farmland

Grassland

Desert

Tundra

Rainforest

Mountain

Savanna

Distribution

Lapland Longspurs breed in the Arctic tundra across northern Europe, Asia, and North America. Their breeding habitat includes open, treeless areas with low vegetation, often near wetlands or rocky outcrops.

During winter, they migrate south to temperate regions, frequenting open grasslands, agricultural fields, and coastal areas.

In North America, they can be found across the central and southern United States, while in Europe, they winter in the UK (mainly around the eastern coast of Scotland and England, from East Lothian to Kent) and parts of continental Europe.

Elevation Range

Sea level to 1,500 meters

Climate zones

Subarctic, Temperate

Distribution Map

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Resident
Breeding
Non-breeding
Passage
Vagrant

Distribution by Region

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Behaviour and Ecology

Bird Attributes

Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.

Agility 85
Strength 40
Adaptability 90
Aggressiveness 30
Endurance 80

Diet

Lapland Longspurs primarily feed on seeds, especially during the non-breeding season. In summer, they supplement their diet with insects, in particular crane fly and beetles,caterpillars and spiders, which are crucial for feeding their young.

They forage on the ground, using their bills to pick seeds from low-growing plants or glean insects from vegetation.

Behaviour

Lapland Longspurs are ground-dwelling birds, often seen walking or running rather than hopping.

During the non-breeding season, they forage in flocks, moving across open areas in search of seeds. During the breeding season, males perform elaborate flight displays, singing as they parachute down to the ground with spread wings and tails.

Vocalisation

The Lapland Longspur's song is a sweet, warbling melody often delivered in flight and heard frequently at the outset of the breeding season.

Their call is a distinctive dry rattle, described as a 'prrrrt' or 'trrrt'. During migration and in winter flocks, they frequently give a soft, rolling 'tu-ee' call to maintain contact with other birds.

Nesting & Breeding

Breeding begins in late spring as the tundra thaws. Males establish territories and attract females with elaborate flight displays and songs. Pairs form monogamous bonds for the breeding season.

Nests are built on the ground, often in a slight depression and well-hidden by vegetation. The female constructs a cup-shaped nest using grass, moss, and feathers. She typically lays 4-6 eggs, which are pale greenish or bluish with brown speckles.

Incubation lasts about 12-13 days, primarily done by the female. Both parents feed the nestlings, which fledge after 8-10 days. The short Arctic summer often allows for only one brood per season.

Lifespan

Typical Lifespan Range 3 - 5 years
0
2
4
5
7

years

The Lapland Longspur typically lives for 3 to 5 years.

Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.

Conservation and Status

Global Conservation Status

Least Concern [1]

While currently listed as Least Concern, Lapland Longspurs face threats from climate change affecting their tundra breeding grounds. Habitat loss due to agricultural intensification in wintering areas is also a concern. Conservation efforts focus on protecting both breeding and wintering habitats to ensure population stability.

Population Data

Global Population Estimate

50,000,000 - 199,999,999 mature individuals [2]

Global Population Trend

Increasing[3]

Birdwatching Tips

  • Look for Lapland Longspurs in open tundra or grasslands during summer
  • In winter, search for flocks in agricultural fields or coastal areas
  • Listen for their distinctive rattling call and sweet, warbling song
  • Observe their ground-foraging behaviour and rapid, low flight patterns

Additional Information

Quick Facts

Other names:

Lapland Bunting

Family:

Calcariidae

Predators

Main predators include Arctic foxes, jaegers, and various birds of prey such as Snowy Owls, falcons, and gulls. Ground-nesting makes them vulnerable to mammalian predators.

Did You Know?

  1. Lapland Longspurs can survive in temperatures as low as -40°C (-40°F) during Arctic winters.
  2. They can form massive flocks in winter, sometimes numbering in the millions.
  3. Their hind claw is elongated, giving them their 'longspur' name and helping them walk on tundra vegetation.

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References

  1. 1 2

    website: BirdLife International. 2017. Calcarius lapponicus (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22721033A111138693.

    View source
  2. 3

    report, 2007: Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven