Pale-winged Starling
Least ConcernOnychognathus nabouroup
Visual Identification
Appearance
The Pale-winged Starling is a striking bird with glossy black plumage covering most of its body. Its most distinctive feature is the pale wing pattern, showing cream-coloured and rufous patches visible during flight.
While males and females share similar colouring, males are typically slightly larger in size. Juveniles appear duller, with a brownish tinge to their plumage, less glossy feathers, and brown eyes compared to the orange-yellow eyes of adults.
Size
Length
25cm to 28cm
Wingspan
45cm to 50cm
Weight
94g to 122g
Colours
Males and females have similar plumage
Primary Colour
Black White
Secondary Colour
Brown
Beak Colour
Black
Leg Colour
Black
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
Pale-winged Starlings are native to southern Africa, primarily found in Namibia, South Africa, and parts of Botswana. They inhabit arid and semi-arid regions, showing a preference for rocky outcrops, cliffs, and mountainous areas.
These birds are year-round residents in their range, with no significant seasonal movements. They are well-adapted to harsh, dry environments and are often associated with desert and semi-desert landscapes.
Elevation Range
Up to 2,000 meters
Climate zones
Arid, Semi-arid
Distribution Map
This map gives you a rough idea of where you might spot a Pale-winged Starling. The coloured areas show countries where these birds have been seen.
A few things to keep in mind:
- Birds might not be everywhere in the coloured areas, for example, they may be present around the coast of that country
- Where birds live can change with seasons and available food
- This map is quite simple - it doesn't show exact locations
We're working on making our maps even better! Soon, we hope to show you:
- More detailed maps for bigger countries, including state and region
- How birds move around during different seasons
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
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Share your thoughtsBird Attributes Explained
Our bird attributes system rates various aspects of a bird's capabilities on a scale of 0-100, based on data from field observations, scientific studies, and expert knowledge.
Attribute Categories:
- Agility: Manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
- Strength: Physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
- Adaptability: Ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
- Aggressiveness: Territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
- Endurance: Stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
Understanding the Ratings:
- 0-20: Very Low
- 21-40: Low
- 41-60: Average
- 61-80: High
- 81-100: Very High
Remember, these attributes are relative to other bird species and don't necessarily indicate superiority.
Hover over the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Agility
Reflects the bird's manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
The Pale-winged Starling demonstrates remarkable agility through its acrobatic flight capabilities and swift movements whilst foraging. Their ability to navigate rocky terrain and perform precise manoeuvres when investigating crevices showcases their exceptional aerial prowess.
Strength
Indicates the bird's physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
Whilst not exceptionally strong compared to larger birds, these starlings possess sufficient strength to probe under stones and manipulate tools for foraging. Their medium size (100-140g) and ability to carry nesting materials indicate moderate strength capabilities.
Adaptability
Represents the bird's ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
Highly adaptable birds that thrive in harsh arid environments up to 2,000m elevation. Their tool use, varied diet, and ability to survive with minimal water access demonstrate remarkable adaptability. Their successful colonisation of diverse habitats from desert to mountainous regions further supports this rating.
Aggressiveness
Measures the bird's territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
Generally social and peaceful birds that live in flocks, showing limited aggressive behaviour. Whilst they may defend nesting sites and territory during breeding season, they're not notably aggressive compared to other species of similar size.
Endurance
Reflects the bird's stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
These starlings exhibit impressive endurance, maintaining activity in harsh desert conditions with limited water access. Their ability to forage extensively, perform acrobatic flights, and survive in challenging arid environments whilst caring for young demonstrates strong endurance capabilities.
Diet
Pale-winged Starlings are omnivorous, with a diet consisting of insects, small fruits, and seeds. They forage on the ground and in vegetation, using their strong beaks to probe crevices and turn over stones in search of prey.
During the breeding season, they increase their intake of protein-rich insects.
Behaviour
Pale-winged Starlings are highly social birds, often seen in small flocks or pairs. They are agile flyers, capable of swift, acrobatic movements when foraging or evading predators.
These birds are known for their curious nature, often investigating rocky crevices and tree cavities in search of food or nesting sites.
Vocalisation
Pale-winged Starlings have a varied vocal repertoire, including melodious whistles and warbling calls. Their most characteristic sound is a clear, high-pitched 'whee-oo' or 'pee-oo' whistle, often repeated in series.
They also produce chattering and clicking noises, especially when in flocks or during social interactions.
Nesting & Breeding
Breeding typically occurs during the late winter to early summer months. Pale-winged Starlings form monogamous pairs and often return to the same nesting sites year after year.
Nests are built in rock crevices, cliff faces, or occasionally in tree cavities. Both partners participate in nest construction, using grass, twigs, and feathers to create a cup-shaped structure.
Females lay 2-4 pale blue eggs with brown speckles. Incubation lasts about 14 days, with both parents sharing duties. Chicks fledge after approximately 23-25 days but may remain dependent on parents for several weeks after leaving the nest.
Lifespan
years
The Pale-winged Starling typically lives for 2 to 5 years.
Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
Currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, Pale-winged Starlings have a stable population. However, they face localised threats from habitat degradation due to overgrazing and climate change in their arid habitats.
Conservation efforts focus on maintaining suitable rocky habitats and monitoring population trends.
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for Pale-winged Starlings in rocky, arid areas, especially near cliffs or ravines
- Listen for their distinctive whistling calls, which can help locate them
- Observe their flight pattern, noting the conspicuous white wing patches
- Watch for their gregarious behaviour, often seen in small groups
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Family:
SturnidaePredators
Main predators include larger raptors such as eagles and falcons, as well as snakes that can access nesting sites in rock crevices.
Did You Know?
- Pale-winged Starlings can survive in areas with very little rainfall, obtaining most of their water from their food.
- They have been observed using tools, such as twigs, to probe for insects in tree bark.
- These birds play a role in seed dispersal, contributing to the ecological balance of their arid habitats.
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References
- 1 3
website: BirdLife International. 2024. Onychognathus nabouroup. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024: e.T22710600A263776542.
View source - 2
report, 1998: Feare and Craig