Mandarin Duck
Aix galericulata
Visual Identification
Appearance
The Mandarin Duck is renowned for its striking, colourful plumage, particularly in males. Males display a vibrant mix of orange, green, purple, and white, with a distinctive red bill and fan-shaped crest.
Females are much more understated, with mottled brown and grey feathers, a white eye ring, and a thin white stripe behind the eye. Both sexes have orange feet and legs.
Young ducklings start life with a covering of downy brown and golden feathers. Older juveniles look much like adult females, although they are less clearly spotted and duller overall.
Size
Length
41cm to 49cm
Wingspan
65cm to 75cm
Weight
400g to 750g
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
Native to East Asia, including Japan, China, and Russia, Mandarin Ducks prefer wooded areas near lakes, ponds, and rivers. They have a particular affinity for areas with overhanging vegetation and quiet, sheltered waters.
Introduced populations have established in the UK and other parts of Europe. In the UK, they are widely distributed in southeast England, with smaller populations elsewhere, often found in urban parks and gardens with suitable water bodies.
Elevation Range
Up to 1,500 meters
Climate zones
Temperate, Subtropical
Distribution Map
This map gives you a rough idea of where you might spot a Mandarin Duck. The coloured areas show countries where these birds have been seen.
A few things to keep in mind:
- Birds might not be everywhere in the coloured areas, for example, they may be present around the coast of that country
- Where birds live can change with seasons and available food
- This map is quite simple - it doesn't show exact locations
We're working on making our maps even better! Soon, we hope to show you:
- More detailed maps for bigger countries, including state and region
- How birds move around during different seasons
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
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Share your thoughtsBird Attributes Explained
Our bird attributes system rates various aspects of a bird's capabilities on a scale of 0-100, based on data from field observations, scientific studies, and expert knowledge.
Attribute Categories:
- Agility: Manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
- Strength: Physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
- Adaptability: Ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
- Aggressiveness: Territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
- Endurance: Stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
Understanding the Ratings:
- 0-20: Very Low
- 21-40: Low
- 41-60: Average
- 61-80: High
- 81-100: Very High
Remember, these attributes are relative to other bird species and don't necessarily indicate superiority.
Hover over the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Agility
Reflects the bird's manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
The Mandarin Duck exhibits remarkable agility, particularly in flight. Their ability to navigate through wooded areas and perch on tree branches demonstrates exceptional manoeuvrability. This agility is crucial for their habitat preferences and nesting habits in tree cavities.
Strength
Indicates the bird's physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
While not exceptionally strong compared to larger waterfowl, Mandarin Ducks possess adequate strength for their size. Their ability to fly swiftly and perform courtship displays suggests moderate muscular capability. However, they are not known for feats requiring great strength.
Adaptability
Represents the bird's ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
Mandarin Ducks show high adaptability, thriving in both their native East Asian habitats and introduced environments like the UK. Their varied diet and ability to utilise both aquatic and terrestrial food sources further demonstrate their adaptable nature. Their success in urban parks and gardens also indicates strong adaptive skills.
Aggressiveness
Measures the bird's territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
Generally, Mandarin Ducks are not particularly aggressive. They are described as shy and wary, quickly taking flight when disturbed rather than confronting threats. However, males may display some aggression during the breeding season, primarily through courtship displays rather than direct conflict.
Endurance
Reflects the bird's stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
Mandarin Ducks demonstrate good endurance, particularly evident in their migratory behaviour in some populations. Their ability to fly between wooded areas and water bodies, as well as their capacity to forage both in water and on land, suggests respectable stamina. However, they are not known for exceptionally long-distance flights compared to some other migratory species.
Diet
Mandarin Ducks have a varied diet, including aquatic plants, seeds, insects, and small fish. They often forage by dabbling in shallow water or on land and are known to eat acorns and other tree nuts in wooded areas.
Their ability to perch allows them to access food sources unavailable to other duck species. These dabbling ducks do not dive but will upend to feed on aquatic plants growing under the water.
Behaviour
Mandarin Ducks are known for their agile flight through wooded areas, often perching on tree branches. They are generally shy and wary, quickly taking flight when disturbed.
During the breeding season, males perform elaborate courtship displays, including head-bobbing and wing-lifting.
Vocalisation
Mandarin Ducks are relatively quiet compared to other ducks. Males produce a distinct, low-pitched whistle-like 'uib-uib' during courtship and when alarmed.
Females make a soft, low quacking sound, often heard when communicating with ducklings. Both sexes may emit a short, sharp whistle in flight.
Nesting & Breeding
Mandarin Ducks form monogamous pairs during the breeding season, which typically begins in spring. Males court females with elaborate displays, including shaking their crests and calling.
Nests are usually located in tree cavities, sometimes up to 30 feet high. Females lay 9-12 cream-coloured eggs in a down-lined nest. Nests in artificial nest boxes are also common, especially in introduced populations.
Incubation lasts about 30 days, carried out solely by the female. Ducklings leave the nest within 24 hours of hatching, jumping from great heights to the ground or water below, guided by their mother's calls.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
While the Mandarin Duck is not globally threatened, its native populations in East Asia have declined due to habitat loss and hunting.
In contrast, introduced populations in Europe, particularly in the UK, have thrived, creating a unique conservation scenario.
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for Mandarin Ducks in wooded ponds and streams
- Listen for their characteristic whistle-like call
- Observe early morning or late evening when they're most active
- In the UK, check ornamental ponds in parks and gardens
- Use binoculars to spot their distinctive plumage in dense vegetation
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Predators
Did You Know?
- Mandarin Ducks can perch and nest in trees, unlike most other duck species.
- They are considered symbols of fidelity and love in Chinese culture.
- The male's elaborate plumage is shed after the breeding season, resembling the female's duller colouration.
References
- 1
website: BirdLife International. 2018. Aix galericulata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680107A131911544.
View source - 2 3
report, 2006: Wetlands International
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