Glaucous Gull
Larus hyperboreus
Visual Identification
Appearance
The Glaucous Gull is a large, pale gull with a robust build. Adults have a white head, body, and tail, with light grey wings and back. Their wingtips lack the black markings typical of many other gull species.
The bill is yellow, with a red spot on the lower mandible near the tip. An orange eye-ring surrounds their light yellow eyes.
In winter, adults may show faint grey streaking on the head. Both sexes look alike, with males slightly larger on average.
First-year juvenile Glaucous gulls are a creamy-biscuit color, with a scaled appearance, slightly darker on the wings and underparts than on the head and breast. Their eyes are dark brown and their bill is pink, tipped with black.
By their second year, plumage is more of a uniform pale cream-brown, and by their third year, it’s hard to distinguish between young Glaucous gulls and adults, with only some minor brown patches remaining on the juvenile’s wings.
Size
Length
62cm to 68cm
Wingspan
140cm to 165cm
Weight
1.3kg to 2kg
Colours
Males and females have similar plumage
Primary Colour
White Grey
Beak Colour
Yellow
Leg Colour
Pink
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
Glaucous Gulls breed along Arctic coasts and islands, from Alaska through northern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, and northern Eurasia. They prefer rocky shores and cliffs for nesting.
In winter, they migrate south to temperate coastal areas. In North America, they can be found along both Pacific and Atlantic coasts, sometimes venturing inland to large lakes and rivers.
Elevation Range
Sea level to 100 meters
Climate zones
Arctic, Subarctic, Temperate
Distribution Map
This map gives you a rough idea of where you might spot a Glaucous Gull. The coloured areas show countries where these birds have been seen.
A few things to keep in mind:
- Birds might not be everywhere in the coloured areas, for example, they may be present around the coast of that country
- Where birds live can change with seasons and available food
- This map is quite simple - it doesn't show exact locations
We're working on making our maps even better! Soon, we hope to show you:
- More detailed maps for bigger countries, including state and region
- How birds move around during different seasons
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
This feature is in beta. We'd love your feedback to improve it!
Share your thoughtsBird Attributes Explained
Our bird attributes system rates various aspects of a bird's capabilities on a scale of 0-100, based on data from field observations, scientific studies, and expert knowledge.
Attribute Categories:
- Agility: Manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
- Strength: Physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
- Adaptability: Ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
- Aggressiveness: Territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
- Endurance: Stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
Understanding the Ratings:
- 0-20: Very Low
- 21-40: Low
- 41-60: Average
- 61-80: High
- 81-100: Very High
Remember, these attributes are relative to other bird species and don't necessarily indicate superiority.
Hover over the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Agility
Reflects the bird's manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
The Glaucous Gull demonstrates considerable agility in flight, adeptly manoeuvring along coastlines and over ice edges. Their ability to patrol and hunt in challenging Arctic conditions suggests above-average aerial prowess.
Strength
Indicates the bird's physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
As the second largest gull species globally, Glaucous Gulls possess remarkable strength. Their robust build and powerful bills enable them to tackle larger prey items than many other gulls, including predation on smaller birds.
Adaptability
Represents the bird's ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
These gulls exhibit high adaptability, thriving in harsh Arctic environments and adjusting to varied food sources. Their ability to migrate to temperate regions and utilise diverse habitats, from coastal areas to inland water bodies, further demonstrates their adaptiveness.
Aggressiveness
Measures the bird's territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
Glaucous Gulls are notably aggressive feeders, known for raiding nests and preying on smaller birds. Their territorial behaviour during breeding season and ability to dominate feeding areas indicate a high level of aggression compared to many other bird species.
Endurance
Reflects the bird's stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.
With their ability to navigate long migratory routes, survive in extreme Arctic conditions, and live up to 20 years in the wild, Glaucous Gulls display impressive endurance. Their large size and capacity for sustained flight over vast oceanic areas contribute to their high endurance rating.
Diet
Glaucous gulls have a varied diet that includes fish, marine invertebrates, and carrion. They're known to prey on eggs and chicks of other seabirds (particularly Auks) and will scavenge human refuse and even roadkill when available.
Occasionally, they'll prey on small mammals, like lemmings, shrews and weasels. Their powerful bills allow them to tackle larger prey items than many other gull species.
Arctic cod, herring, and sand lance are the most common fish species caught just below the water’s surface. Prey, including young birds, is usually swallowed whole.
Behaviour
Glaucous Gulls are opportunistic and aggressive feeders, often seen patrolling coastlines for food. They're known to prey on smaller birds and raid nests. These gulls are less gregarious than many other gull species, often seen alone or in small groups when not breeding.
Vocalisation
Glaucous Gulls have a deep, hoarse call, often described as a low "kau-kau-kau" or "kuwaaaah."
During the breeding season, they produce a variety of vocalizations, including long, wailing cries and short, sharp notes used in territorial disputes. A trumpeting long call is also heard, thought to be a contact call used to indicate recognition or to signal a shift change in incubation duties.
Nesting & Breeding
Breeding begins in late May and goes to early June. Glaucous Gulls typically form monogamous pairs, often returning to the same nesting sites year after year.
Nests are built on cliff ledges or flat ground and are made of grass, seaweed, and moss. Females lay 2-3 eggs, which are olive-brown in color with dark blotches.
Both parents incubate the eggs for about 27-28 days. Chicks fledge after 45-50 days but may be dependent on parents for several more weeks.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
While currently listed as Least Concern, Glaucous Gulls face threats from climate change affecting their Arctic breeding grounds.
Oil spills and marine pollution also pose risks. Some populations have shown declines, prompting ongoing monitoring efforts.
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for large, pale gulls with no black on wingtips
- Check Arctic coastlines and ice edges during breeding season
- In winter, scan northern coasts and large inland water bodies
- Observe behavior: more solitary than other gulls
- Listen for deep, hoarse calls, distinct from smaller gulls
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Predators
Adult Glaucous Gulls have few natural predators, but Arctic foxes, polar bears, and larger raptors may prey on eggs and chicks.
Did You Know?
- Glaucous Gulls are the second largest gull species in the world.
- They can live over 20 years in the wild.
- Their name "glaucous" refers to their pale grey coloration.
References
- 1
website: BirdLife International. 2018. Larus hyperboreus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22694343A132544122.
View source - 2 3
report, 2015: Wetlands International
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