Parrot Crossbill
Least ConcernLoxia pytyopsittacus
Visual Identification
Parrot Crossbill
Appearance
The Parrot Crossbill is a robust finch with a distinctive crossed bill. Males are primarily brick-red or orange-red, while females are greenish-grey with brown streaking. Both sexes have dark wings and tails.
Juveniles resemble females but have heavier streaking. The bird's most notable feature is its large, powerful bill with crossed tips, which is larger and more curved than that of other crossbill species.
Size
Length
16cm to 18cm
Wingspan
27cm to 30cm
Weight
40g to 53g
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
Parrot Crossbills are found in northern Europe, including Scandinavia, Russia, and parts of Scotland. They inhabit mature coniferous forests, with a strong preference for pine woodlands, particularly those dominated by Scots pine.
In the UK, they are primarily found in the Scottish Highlands, where they are year-round residents. During winter, some birds may move southward in search of food, but long-distance migrations are rare.
Elevation Range
Up to 1,000 meters
Climate zones
Subarctic, Temperate
Distribution Map
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
Hover over the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.
Diet
Parrot Crossbills primarily feed on seeds of pine trees, especially Scots pine. Their powerful bills are adapted to pry open tough pine cones, extracting seeds that are inaccessible to other birds. They occasionally supplement their diet with insects and larvae, particularly when feeding young.
Seeds from conifers, pine, spruce, larch, poplar and alder are the most popular food sources.
Behaviour
Parrot Crossbills are highly specialised feeders, using their unique bills to extract seeds from pine cones. They often hang upside down while feeding, demonstrating remarkable agility.
These birds are social, typically found in small flocks, and communicate with soft, trilling calls as they move through the treetops.
Vocalisation
Parrot Crossbills have a distinctive call, described as a loud, metallic 'chup-chup' or 'gip-gip'. Their song is a warbling trill, often delivered from a high perch.
When feeding, they produce soft, continuous chattering sounds, helping to maintain contact within the flock.
Nesting & Breeding
Parrot Crossbills typically breed from late winter to early spring, with timing often linked to pine cone abundance. Pairs form during this period, engaging in courtship displays that include males feeding females.
Nests are built high in pine trees, constructed mainly of twigs, grass, and moss, and lined with softer materials. Females lay 3-4 eggs, which can vary in colour from shades of yellowish-white to pale green and are marked with rust-coloured or purple-brown splodges.
Incubation lasts about 14-16 days, and it is performed primarily by the female. Both parents feed the nestlings, which fledge after approximately 18-22 days but remain dependent on adults for several weeks after that.
Lifespan
The Parrot Crossbill typically lives for 2 to 5 years, with a maximum recorded lifespan of 6 years.
Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
While currently listed as Least Concern, Parrot Crossbills face threats from habitat loss due to deforestation and climate change.
Conservation efforts focus on protecting mature pine forests, particularly in northern Europe, to maintain suitable breeding and feeding habitats for these specialised birds.
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for Parrot Crossbills in mature pine forests, especially Scots pine.
- Listen for their distinctive 'chup-chup' call as they fly overhead.
- Observe their unique feeding behaviour, watching for birds hanging upside down on pine cones.
- In the UK, focus on Scottish pine forests, where they are most likely to be found.
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Other names:
Scottish Crossbill
Family:
FringillidaePredators
Main predators include raptors such as Goshawks and Sparrowhawks, as well as Pine Martens and Red Squirrels, which may raid nests for eggs or chicks.
Did You Know?
- Parrot Crossbills can open up to 50 pine cones per hour with their specialised bills.
- They are one of the few bird species that can breed in midwinter, thanks to their pine seed diet.
- The direction of the bill's cross is not fixed and can vary between individuals.
Was this bird profile helpful?
Your feedback helps us improve our content
Community Experience
Community Ratings
No ratings yet - be the first to rate this bird!
Latest Community Reviews
No reviews yet
Sign in to be the first to review
Similar Birds
References
- 2 3 4
website: BirdLife International. 2016. Loxia pytyopsittacus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22720638A88651987.
View source - 1
website, 2010: Fransson, T., Kolehmainen, T., Kroon, C., Jansson, L. & Wenninger, T., EURING list of longevity records for European birds
View source