A flightless, nocturnal parrot with a teddy bear-like appearance, this critically endangered bird is New Zealand's quirky conservation icon.

Visual Identification

Appearance

The kakapo is a large, flightless parrot with a distinctive owl-like face. Its plumage is primarily moss-green, mottled with yellow and brown, providing excellent camouflage in its forest habitat. The bird has a large, curved grey beak and strong, scaly grey feet.

Males are significantly larger than females, weighing up to 4 kg compared to females' maximum of about 1.5 kg. Both sexes have similar plumage, but males may appear slightly brighter in colouration.

Size

Length

58cm to 64cm

Wingspan

76cm to 86cm

Weight

1.3kg to 4kg

Colours

Males and females have similar plumage

Primary Colour

Green

Secondary Colour

Yellow Brown

Beak Colour

Grey

Leg Colour

Grey

Habitat and Distribution

Habitats

Woodland

Garden

Wetland

Coastal

Urban

Farmland

Grassland

Desert

Tundra

Rainforest

Mountain

Savanna

Distribution

Kakapos are endemic to New Zealand, historically found throughout the country's forests. Today, they are restricted to predator-free island sanctuaries, primarily Codfish Island (Whenua Hou) and Little Barrier Island (Hauturu-o-Toi).

These birds prefer diverse habitats, including coastal areas, subalpine scrublands, and podocarp and beech forests, adapting to the available environment on their sanctuary islands.

Elevation Range

Sea level to 700 meters

Climate zones

Temperate

Distribution Map

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Resident

Distribution by Region

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Behaviour and Ecology

Bird Attributes

Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.

Agility 65
Strength 80
Adaptability 70
Aggressiveness 20
Endurance 85

Diet

Kakapos are herbivores with a diverse diet including seeds, fruits, pollen, and plant material. They have a unique digestive system that allows them to extract maximum nutrients from fibrous plants. During breeding seasons, they rely heavily on the fruit of the rimu tree.

Behaviour

Kakapos are nocturnal and solitary, spending their days hidden in vegetation. They are excellent climbers, using their strong legs and beaks to move through trees.

Despite being flightless, kakapos can use their wings to 'parachute' from heights, allowing them to glide short distances.

Vocalisation

Kakapos have a range of vocalisations. The most distinctive is the male's low-frequency 'boom' used during breeding displays, which can travel up to 5 km. They also produce a loud 'skraark' call and various softer clicks, grunts, and squeaks for communication.

Nesting & Breeding

Kakapos have an unusual breeding system called lek breeding. Males gather in specific areas and compete for female attention through elaborate displays and booming calls. This typically occurs every 2-4 years when rimu trees produce abundant fruit.

Females nest on the ground, often in natural cavities or under dense vegetation. They lay 1-4 eggs, which are white and about 43 mm long. Nests are simple scrapes lined with plant material.

Incubation lasts about 30 days, with the female solely responsible. Chicks fledge at about 10-12 weeks but may stay with their mother for several months, reaching maturity at 4-6 years old.

Lifespan

Typical Lifespan Range 40 - 80 years
0
21
41
62
82

years

The Kakapo typically lives for 40 to 80 years.

Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.

Conservation and Status

Global Conservation Status

Critically Endangered [1]

Only about 200 individuals (116 mature) remain of the critically endangered kakapo.

Intensive conservation efforts, including predator-free island sanctuaries, artificial incubation, and supplementary feeding, are crucial for the species' survival. Each bird is individually named and monitored.

Population Data

Global Population Estimate

116 mature individuals [2]

Global Population Trend

Increasing[3]

Birdwatching Tips

  • Visit Codfish Island or Little Barrier Island with special permission
  • Look for signs of feeding, such as chewed plant material or droppings
  • Listen for their distinctive 'skraark' call or booming during the breeding season
  • Be patient and quiet, as kakapos are shy and nocturnal

Additional Information

Quick Facts

Other names:

Owl Parrot, Night Parrot

Family:

Strigopidae

Predators

Introduced mammals such as cats, stoats, and rats are the main predators of kakapos, which is why they are now confined to predator-free islands.

Did You Know?

  1. The kakapo is the world's only flightless parrot.
  2. It is also the heaviest parrot species, with males weighing up to 4 kg.
  3. Kakapos can live for over 80 years, making them one of the longest-lived birds.

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References

  1. 1

    website: BirdLife International. 2018. Strigops habroptilus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22685245A129751169.

    View source
  2. 2 3

    report, 2018: Department of Conservation