Japanese Wagtail
Least ConcernMotacilla grandis
Visual Identification
Japanese Wagtail
Appearance
The Japanese Wagtail is a striking bird with distinctive black and white plumage. Males have a black head with white markings on the forehead and above the eyes, plus a thin white crescent below the eye. The back, throat, and upper breast are black, contrasting with white underparts. The wings show prominent white patches, especially visible in flight.
Females have a more greyish-black upper plumage. Juvenile birds are generally duller, with grey-brown heads and less distinct markings.
Size
Length
20cm to 23cm
Wingspan
28cm to 30cm
Weight
25g to 32g
Colours
Males and females have similar plumage
Primary Colour
Black White
Secondary Colour
Grey
Beak Colour
Black
Leg Colour
Black
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
The Japanese Wagtail is native to East Asia, primarily found in Japan, Korea, and parts of eastern China. It inhabits areas near freshwater sources such as rivers, streams, and lake shores. These birds have also adapted well to urban environments, often seen in parks and gardens with water features.
During winter, some populations in northern Japan migrate southward, while others remain year-round residents. Because they are rarely found outside their native range, they are a sought-after species for birdwatchers visiting East Asia.
Elevation Range
Sea level to 1,500 meters
Climate zones
Temperate, Subtropical
Distribution Map
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
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Diet
Japanese Wagtails primarily feed on insects and other small invertebrates. They forage on the ground, along water edges, and sometimes in shallow water. Their diet includes flies, beetles, spiders, and aquatic insects.
They are also known to catch flying insects in mid-air with quick, agile movements.
Behaviour
Japanese Wagtails are known for their constant tail-wagging behaviour, which gives them their common name. They are often seen foraging on the ground, running quickly and stopping abruptly to catch insects.
These birds are generally solitary or found in pairs but may form small flocks outside the breeding season.
Vocalisation
The Japanese Wagtail has a distinctive call, often described as a sharp, metallic 'chi-chi-chi' or 'zit-zit-zit'. Their song is a series of warbling notes interspersed with these sharp calls.
During the breeding season, males sing more frequently, often from prominent perches, to defend their territory and attract mates.
Nesting & Breeding
Japanese Wagtails typically breed from April to July. They form monogamous pairs and often return to the same nesting sites year after year. Males perform elaborate courtship displays, including aerial chases and wing-fluttering.
Nests are built in crevices or holes near water, often on bridges, buildings, or rocky outcrops. The nest is a cup-shaped structure made of grass, moss, and leaves, lined with softer materials. Females lay 4-6 eggs, which are white with brown speckles.
Both parents incubate the eggs for about 12-14 days. After hatching, the chicks are fed by both parents and fledge after approximately two weeks. The pair may raise two broods in a season if conditions are favourable.
Lifespan
The Japanese Wagtail typically lives for 5 to 8 years.
Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
The Japanese Wagtail is currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN. Its population is stable, and it has adapted well to urban environments. However, like many birds, it faces threats from habitat loss and pollution, particularly in wetland areas.
Conservation efforts focus on maintaining clean water sources and preserving riparian habitats.
Population Data
Global Population Estimate
Not quantified
Global Population Trend
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for Japanese Wagtails near streams, rivers, and in urban parks with water features.
- Listen for their distinctive 'chi-chi-chi' call, which can help locate them.
- Observe their characteristic tail-wagging behaviour, which is almost constant when perched.
- Watch for their bold black and white plumage, which stands out against most backgrounds.
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Family:
MotacillidaePredators
Main predators of Japanese Wagtails include domestic cats, birds of prey such as sparrowhawks, and larger corvids like crows and magpies. Snakes may also prey on eggs and nestlings.
Did You Know?
- Japanese Wagtails can swim short distances if necessary despite not being aquatic birds.
- They have been observed using 'anting' behaviour, rubbing ants through their feathers, possibly for pest control.
- In Japanese culture, wagtails are sometimes associated with good fortune and are featured in traditional folklore.
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References
- 2 3
website: BirdLife International. 2018. Motacilla grandis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22718360A132117451.
View source - 1
other: Lifespan estimate based on similar Wagtails