Firecrest
Least ConcernRegulus ignicapilla
Visual Identification
Firecrest
Appearance
The Firecrest is a tiny, vibrant bird with a distinctive orange-gold crest bordered by black stripes. Its upperparts are olive-green, while the underparts are pale grey to white. A prominent white supercilium contrasts with a black eye stripe.
Males have a brighter orange crest compared to the yellow crest of females. Juveniles resemble adults but have duller plumage and lack the colourful crest until their first autumn.
They are named for the bright yellow and orange crown feathers that they can raise at will.
These birds are most easily confused with the much commoner Goldcrest. While similar in size, the Goldcrest has a more compact appearance and lacks the contrasting facial stripes of the adult Firecrest.
Size
Length
9cm to 10cm
Wingspan
13cm to 16cm
Weight
4g to 7g
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
Firecrests inhabit coniferous and mixed woodlands across Europe, from the UK to western Russia. They prefer areas with dense canopy cover, particularly favouring spruce and fir forests.
Some populations move to lower elevations or more southerly regions in winter. In the UK, they are year-round residents in southern England, with numbers increasing in winter due to continental migrants.
Elevation Range
Up to 1,600 meters
Climate zones
Temperate, Mediterranean
Distribution Map
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
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Diet
Firecrests primarily feed on small insects and spiders found in trees. They specialise in gleaning tiny prey from the undersides of leaves and branches, often hovering momentarily to snatch insects from foliage. Their diet may include aphids, moth eggs, and small caterpillars.
Behaviour
Firecrests are highly active, constantly flitting through foliage in search of insects. They often hang upside down from branches, probing for prey.
During the breeding season, males perform elaborate courtship displays, fanning their colourful crests to attract females.
Vocalisation
Firecrests have a high-pitched, thin call often described as 'zee-zee-zee' or 'si-si-si'. Their song is a series of high, squeaky notes that crescendo into a rapid trill, typically lasting 3-4 seconds. The song is often so high-pitched that it can be difficult for some people to hear.
Nesting & Breeding
Firecrest pairs form in early spring, with males performing elaborate courtship displays. The breeding season typically runs from April to July.
Nests are intricately constructed, suspended hammocks made of moss, lichen, and spider webs, usually placed high in conifer trees. Females lay 7-12 tiny cream-coloured eggs with fine reddish-brown speckles.
Incubation lasts about 14-16 days, and the female primarily carries out the process. Both parents feed the nestlings, which fledge after 18-22 days but remain dependent on the adults for several more weeks.
Lifespan
years
The Firecrest typically lives for 2 to 3 years.
Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
While currently listed as Least Concern, Firecrests face threats from habitat loss due to deforestation and climate change. Conservation efforts focus on preserving mature woodlands and promoting sustainable forestry practices to maintain suitable habitats.
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for quick movements in the upper canopy of coniferous and mixed woodlands
- Listen for their high-pitched, thin 'zee-zee-zee' call
- Observe their habit of hovering briefly while foraging
- In the UK, check evergreen trees in parks and gardens during winter
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Other names:
Common Firecrest
Family:
RegulidaePredators
Main predators include small raptors like Sparrowhawks, as well as domestic cats, squirrels, and corvids that may raid nests.
Did You Know?
- Firecrests are among the smallest birds in Europe, weighing about the same as a teaspoon of sugar.
- Their nests are so small and well-camouflaged that they are rarely found by humans.
- Despite their tiny size, Firecrests can survive temperatures as low as -15°C.
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References
- 1 2
website: BirdLife International. 2016. Regulus ignicapilla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22735002A87781502.
View source - 3
report, 2015: EBCC