Scaly-breasted Munia
Least ConcernLonchura punctulata
Visual Identification
Scaly-breasted Munia
Appearance
The Scaly-breasted Munia is a small, plump finch with distinctive scale-like markings on its breast and belly. Its upper parts are rich brown, contrasting with the white and dark brown scaly pattern below. The head is uniformly brown, the tail is short and dark, the legs are grey, and the conical bill is dark.
Both sexes look similar, with juveniles appearing paler and lacking the scaly breast pattern. During the breeding season, adults' bills darken slightly, but overall plumage remains consistent year-round.
There are 12 sub-species of Scaly-breasted Munias, which slightly differ in the colour of their plumage and size.
Size
Length
11cm to 12cm
Wingspan
16cm to 18cm
Weight
12g to 16g
Colours
Males and females have similar plumage
Primary Colour
Brown White
Secondary Colour
Black
Beak Colour
Grey
Leg Colour
Grey
Habitat and Distribution
Habitats
Woodland
Garden
Wetland
Coastal
Urban
Farmland
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Mountain
Savanna
Distribution
Native to tropical and subtropical Asia, the Scaly-breasted Munia inhabits a wide range of open habitats. These include grasslands, scrublands, agricultural areas, and urban parks and gardens. They are particularly common in areas with tall grasses and near water sources.
The species has been introduced to many parts of the world, including the West Indies, Hawaii, Florida, California, and parts of Australia. In these areas, they have adapted well to urban and suburban environments, often seen in parks and backyards.
Elevation Range
Up to 2,000 meters
Climate zones
Tropical, Subtropical
Distribution Map
Distribution by Region
Behaviour and Ecology
Bird Attributes
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Diet
Scaly-breasted Munias primarily feed on small seeds from grasses and other plants. They supplement their diet with berries and insects, especially during breeding season. They have a particular fondness for those of Lantana. Not so commonly, they are also known to eat household scraps.
These birds often forage in rice fields and other cultivated areas, sometimes considered agricultural pests in parts of their range. usually this takes place in large groups outside of the breeding season, and smaller social flocks during.
Behaviour
Scaly-breasted Munias are highly social birds, often seen in flocks of 10 to 60 individuals. They forage on the ground, moving with quick, jerky hops.
When alarmed, the flock will burst into flight, emitting sharp contact calls before resettling nearby.
Vocalisation
The Scaly-breasted Munia's vocalisations consist of soft, musical chirps and twitters. Their most common call is a gentle 'kit-kit-kit' or 'tit-tit-tit'. The song of is a succession of whistles followed by a long 'weee'.
During courtship, males produce a quiet, warbling song that sounds like 'chee-chee-chee-cheewee-cheewee'.
Nesting & Breeding
Scaly-breasted Munias breed year-round in most of their range, with peak activity during local rainy seasons. Pairs form strong bonds and often remain together for multiple breeding seasons.
The nest is a large, domed structure made of grass stems and leaves, typically placed in dense vegetation or small trees. The female lays 4-6 white eggs in each clutch.
Both parents share incubation duties for about 14 days. Chicks fledge after 18-21 days but may remain with their parents for several weeks after leaving the nest.
Lifespan
years
The Scaly-breasted Munia typically lives for 6 to 8 years.
Like all birds, lifespan can be affected by factors including predation, habitat quality, disease, and access to food sources.
Conservation and Status
Global Conservation Status
The Scaly-breasted Munia is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN due to its large range and stable population. However, habitat loss in some areas and trapping for the pet trade pose localised threats.
Conservation efforts focus on maintaining suitable grassland and woodland habitats.
Population Data
Global Population Estimate
Not quantified, but abundant in its range
Global Population Trend
Birdwatching Tips
- Look for flocks in grassy areas, especially near water sources
- Listen for their soft, musical chirping and twittering
- Observe their distinctive scaly breast pattern through binoculars
- Check bird feeders in urban and suburban areas, as they readily visit these
Additional Information
Quick Facts
Other names:
Nutmeg Finch, Nutmeg Mannikin, Nutmeg Munia, Ricebird, Scaly-breasted Mannikin, Spice Finch, Spice Munia, Spice Bird, Spotted Mannikin, Spotted Munia, Barred Munia, Mascot Finch
Family:
EstrildidaePredators
Main predators include domestic cats, snakes, hawks, and owls. In urban areas, they are also vulnerable to window collisions.
Did You Know?
- Scaly-breasted Munias are popular cage birds and have established feral populations in many countries due to escapes and releases.
- They often bathe in shallow water, fluffing their feathers and splashing enthusiastically.
- In some parts of Asia, these birds are considered good luck and are released during ceremonies.
- They are known to form flocks with up to as many as 100 birds and roost communally.
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References
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website: BirdLife International. 2016. Lonchura punctulata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22719821A94646304.
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