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Dodo

Raphus cucullatus

Extinct
Known from historical accounts and fossils, this flightless bird was a peaceful giant that roamed the forests of Mauritius until its extinction in the late 17th century.
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Visual Identification

Appearance

The Dodo was a large, flightless bird with grey plumage, a distinctive 23 cm hooked beak, and small wings. It stood about 1 meter tall and had a characteristic rounded body shape.

Modern skeletal analysis suggests Dodos were actually more streamlined than traditionally depicted in historical illustrations, challenging the common perception of them as overweight, awkward birds.

Both males and females looked similar, with no significant sexual dimorphism. Adults displayed grey feathers, varying from darker to lighter shades during their annual moult. They had yellow, scaly legs with sharp talons on their three-toed feet. Juveniles likely resembled adults but with duller plumage.

Size

Length

81cm to 97cm

Wingspan

56cm to 66cm

Weight

13kg to 23kg

Colours

Males and females have similar plumage

Primary Colour

Grey

Secondary Colour

White

Beak Colour

Grey

Leg Colour

Yellow

Habitat and Distribution

Habitats

Woodland

The Dodo can be found in Woodland habitats.

Garden

The Dodo is not typically found in Garden habitats.

Wetland

The Dodo is not typically found in Wetland habitats.

Coastal

The Dodo is not typically found in Coastal habitats.

Urban

The Dodo is not typically found in Urban habitats.

Farmland

The Dodo is not typically found in Farmland habitats.

Grassland

The Dodo is not typically found in Grassland habitats.

Desert

The Dodo is not typically found in Desert habitats.

Tundra

The Dodo is not typically found in Tundra habitats.

Rainforest

The Dodo is not typically found in Rainforest habitats.

Mountain

The Dodo is not typically found in Mountain habitats.

Savanna

The Dodo is not typically found in Savanna habitats.

Distribution

The Dodo was endemic to the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. It inhabited the coastal areas and inland forests of the island, preferring dense woodland habitats.

The species was non-migratory and restricted to Mauritius, never expanding its range beyond this single island ecosystem.

Elevation Range

Sea level to 400 meters

Climate zones

Tropical

Behaviour and Ecology

Bird Attributes

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Bird Attributes Explained

Our bird attributes system rates various aspects of a bird's capabilities on a scale of 0-100, based on data from field observations, scientific studies, and expert knowledge.

Attribute Categories:
  • Agility: Manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
  • Strength: Physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
  • Adaptability: Ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
  • Aggressiveness: Territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
  • Endurance: Stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.

Understanding the Ratings:

  • 0-20: Very Low
  • 21-40: Low
  • 41-60: Average
  • 61-80: High
  • 81-100: Very High

Remember, these attributes are relative to other bird species and don't necessarily indicate superiority.

Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.

Agility 25

Agility

Reflects the bird's manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.

The Dodo was notably clumsy with a waddling gait and flightless nature. Its stocky build and rounded body shape suggest it was rather ungainly, though it could likely navigate its native forest habitat adequately enough to survive before human arrival.

Strength 65

Strength

Indicates the bird's physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.

Given its substantial size (up to 23kg) and robust build, the Dodo possessed considerable physical strength. Its powerful beak could crack hard fruits and seeds, indicating strong jaw and neck muscles, though it wasn't particularly athletic overall.

Adaptability 15

Adaptability

Represents the bird's ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.

The Dodo showed remarkably poor adaptability, being unable to cope with human presence or introduced species. Its fearless behaviour towards humans and inability to adapt to new threats ultimately contributed to its extinction.

Aggressiveness 20

Aggressiveness

Measures the bird's territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.

Historical accounts suggest the Dodo was rather docile and non-aggressive, showing little defensive behaviour even when threatened. Its fearless nature towards humans indicates it didn't develop strong aggressive tendencies.

Endurance 40

Endurance

Reflects the bird's stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.

Whilst the Dodo could likely maintain steady activity throughout the day foraging for food, its heavy build and relatively sedentary lifestyle suggest moderate endurance at best. Its terrestrial nature and limited mobility indicate it wasn't built for sustained physical activity.

Diet

Dodos were likely omnivorous, feeding on fruits, seeds, nuts, and possibly small invertebrates. They may have used their large, hooked beaks to crack open hard fruits and seeds found on the forest floor of their native Mauritius.

Behaviour

Dodos were primarily terrestrial, walking with a waddling gait due to their stocky build. They were likely social birds, living in small groups.

Their behaviour was described as fearless towards humans, which unfortunately contributed to their rapid extinction.

Vocalisation

Historical accounts suggest the Dodo had a loud, hoarse call. Some reports describe it as a warbling sound, while others mention a trumpet-like noise.

The exact nature of their vocalisations remains uncertain due to the lack of firsthand observations.

Nesting & Breeding

Historical accounts, particularly those of French explorer François Cauche, provide our only glimpses into Dodo breeding behaviour. Females laid a single white egg "the size of a halfpenny roll," comparable to that of a modern white pelican. This single-egg strategy evolved in response to their historically safe island environment.

Nests were simple structures - shallow scrapes on the ground surrounded by grass - reflecting their lack of natural predators. This nesting behaviour, perfectly adapted to their predator-free environment, left them extremely vulnerable to introduced species.

While exact incubation periods remain unknown, researchers believe their breeding patterns may have been similar to their closest living relative, the Nicobar pigeon. The limited egg production and ground nesting likely accelerated their extinction once predators arrived.

Conservation and Status

Global Conservation Status

Extinct [1]

The Dodo became extinct in the late 17th century, primarily due to human activities such as hunting and the introduction of invasive species.  However, it remains a powerful symbol of conservation efforts and the importance of protecting vulnerable species.

Extinction Timeline

The Dodo's path to extinction was remarkably swift. Dutch sailors first encountered these unique birds in 1598, describing them as abundant and fearless. By 1662, the last verified sighting was recorded by Dutch sailor Volkert Evertsz on Amber Island, though unverified reports continued until 1688. The species was extinct before 1700 - less than a century after European discovery.

This rapid decline stands as one of history's most striking examples of human-induced extinction, transforming the Dodo into a powerful symbol for conservation. The phrase "dead as a dodo" emerged from this event, serving as a stark reminder of extinction's permanence.

Population Data

Global Population Estimate

0 (Extinct)

Global Population Trend

Trend data may be uncertain or fluctuating

Birdwatching Tips

  • The Dodo is extinct, so it cannot be observed in the wild.
  • Visit natural history museums to see Dodo skeletons or reconstructions.
  • Study historical accounts and illustrations to learn about the Dodo's appearance.
  • Explore Mauritius to understand the Dodo's former habitat.

Additional Information

Quick Facts

Other names:

Dronte de Maurice

Family:

Columbidae

Average Lifespan

10 to 30 years

Predators

Before human arrival, adult Dodos had no natural predators on Mauritius, sharing their island home only with native fruit bats. This isolation shaped their evolution and led to their famously trusting nature - a characteristic that would later contribute to their decline.

The arrival of humans dramatically altered this balance. Ships brought numerous invasive species that proved devastating to the Dodo population. Dogs and cats hunted the adult birds, while pigs and monkeys raided their nesting sites. Rats proved particularly destructive, preying on eggs and chicks, while invasive deer damaged the native vegetation the Dodos relied upon.

What was often mistaken for stupidity was actually what scientists now call "ecological naiveté" - their complete inexperience with predators having left them ill-equipped to recognise or respond to threats. This combination of multiple introduced predators and the Dodos' trusting nature proved catastrophic for the species' survival.

Did You Know?

  1. The Dodo's closest living relative is the Nicobar pigeon.
  2. The phrase "dead as a dodo" originated from this bird's extinction.
  3. The Dodo's appearance in "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" popularised its image.
  4. According to written records, the last credible sighting of a living dodo was noted in 1662. It is conceivable that this bird lived for some years after this final observation.
  5. Modern DNA analysis reveals strong genetic links to crowned pigeons from New Guinea
  6. Far from being evolutionary failures, Dodos were highly successful birds that had adapted perfectly to their island habitat over millions of years
  7. The last complete Dodo specimen was destroyed in a fire at Oxford's Ashmolean Museum in 1755; only the head and a foot survived
  8. Recent scientific analysis of fossils has helped correct historical misconceptions about the Dodo's appearance and behaviour

References

  1. 1

    website: BirdLife International. 2024. Raphus cucullatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024: e.T22690059A261916273.

    View source

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