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Cinereous Vulture

Aegypius monachus

Near Threatened
Formerly known as the Black Vulture, this massive scavenger, with a wingspan reaching up to 10 feet, roams the skies of Europe and Asia in search of carrion.
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Visual Identification

Appearance

The Cinereous Vulture is a massive bird of prey characterised by its dark brown to black plumage, which gives it a sombre, monk-like appearance.

Unlike many other vultures, its head is covered in fine, dark feathers, and it has a distinctive hooked pale beak and bluish-grey skin around the eyes and neck.

Both sexes are similar in appearance, with females being larger and heavier. Juveniles are slightly darker than adults and may have a more reddish-brown tinge to their feathers. They gradually develop the adult colouration over several years.

Size

Length

98cm to 120cm

Wingspan

250cm to 295cm

Weight

7kg to 14kg

Colours

Males and females have similar plumage

Primary Colour

Black Brown

Secondary Colour

Grey

Beak Colour

Grey

Leg Colour

Grey

Habitat and Distribution

Habitats

Woodland

The Cinereous Vulture can be found in Woodland habitats.

Garden

The Cinereous Vulture is not typically found in Garden habitats.

Wetland

The Cinereous Vulture is not typically found in Wetland habitats.

Coastal

The Cinereous Vulture is not typically found in Coastal habitats.

Urban

The Cinereous Vulture is not typically found in Urban habitats.

Farmland

The Cinereous Vulture is not typically found in Farmland habitats.

Grassland

The Cinereous Vulture can be found in Grassland habitats.

Desert

The Cinereous Vulture is not typically found in Desert habitats.

Tundra

The Cinereous Vulture is not typically found in Tundra habitats.

Rainforest

The Cinereous Vulture is not typically found in Rainforest habitats.

Mountain

The Cinereous Vulture can be found in Mountain habitats.

Savanna

The Cinereous Vulture is not typically found in Savanna habitats.

Distribution

Cinereous Vultures inhabit a wide range across Eurasia, from Spain and Portugal in the west to China and Mongolia in the east. They prefer open, mountainous terrain, forests, and steppes where they can easily spot carrion.

In winter, some populations move to lower elevations or more southerly regions. While not typically found, small numbers occasionally appear in the UK as rare vagrants, which is always an exciting sight.

Elevation Range

Up to 4,500 meters

Climate zones

Temperate, Subtropical

Distribution Map

This map gives you a rough idea of where you might spot a Cinereous Vulture. The coloured areas show countries where these birds have been seen.

A few things to keep in mind:

  • Birds might not be everywhere in the coloured areas, for example, they may be present around the coast of that country
  • Where birds live can change with seasons and available food
  • This map is quite simple - it doesn't show exact locations

We're working on making our maps even better! Soon, we hope to show you:

  • More detailed maps for bigger countries, including state and region
  • How birds move around during different seasons
© 2024 - Birdfact
Resident
Non-breeding
Vagrant

Distribution by Region

Species that can be found in the area throughout the year
Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bulgaria China France Georgia Greece Iran Iraq Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Mongolia Pakistan Portugal Russia Spain Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan
Species that are present in the area outside their breeding season
Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia India Israel Italy Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Myanmar Nepal North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea Switzerland Syria Thailand Vietnam
Species that appear infrequently (rare) and unpredictably outside their normal range
Albania Algeria Austria Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Egypt Germany Gibraltar Hungary Japan Latvia Macedonia Malaysia Montenegro Morocco Netherlands Oman Poland Serbia Slovakia Sudan Taiwan Tunisia Yemen

Behaviour and Ecology

Bird Attributes

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Bird Attributes Explained

Our bird attributes system rates various aspects of a bird's capabilities on a scale of 0-100, based on data from field observations, scientific studies, and expert knowledge.

Attribute Categories:
  • Agility: Manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.
  • Strength: Physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.
  • Adaptability: Ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.
  • Aggressiveness: Territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.
  • Endurance: Stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.

Understanding the Ratings:

  • 0-20: Very Low
  • 21-40: Low
  • 41-60: Average
  • 61-80: High
  • 81-100: Very High

Remember, these attributes are relative to other bird species and don't necessarily indicate superiority.

Tap the icon next to each attribute for more information.

Agility 85

Agility

Reflects the bird's manoeuvrability, speed, and grace in flight or movement.

The Cinereous Vulture demonstrates remarkable agility for its size, soaring effortlessly on thermal currents and manoeuvring with precision in mountainous terrain. Its ability to navigate through diverse landscapes whilst searching for food showcases its impressive aerial prowess.

Strength 90

Strength

Indicates the bird's physical power, often correlating with size and hunting abilities.

As one of the heaviest flying birds globally, the Cinereous Vulture possesses formidable strength. Its powerful beak can tear through tough hides, and its robust build allows it to dominate at carcasses, indicating exceptional physical strength for an avian species.

Adaptability 80

Adaptability

Represents the bird's ability to thrive in various environments or changing conditions.

This vulture's ability to thrive across various habitats, from forests to steppes, and at elevations up to 4,500 metres, demonstrates considerable adaptability. Its partial migratory behaviour and capacity to adjust to seasonal changes further highlight its adaptive nature.

Aggressiveness 65

Aggressiveness

Measures the bird's territorial behaviour and assertiveness, particularly during breeding seasons.

While not typically aggressive towards humans, Cinereous Vultures can display assertive behaviour when competing for food. Their size often intimidates other scavengers, but they generally rely more on presence than overt aggression, preferring to communicate through body language and hisses.

Endurance 95

Endurance

Reflects the bird's stamina, often seen in migration patterns or foraging behaviours.

The Cinereous Vulture exhibits exceptional endurance, capable of soaring for hours on thermal currents whilst searching vast areas for food. Its ability to digest rotting meat, thanks to highly corrosive stomach acid, and its long lifespan of up to 39 years in the wild, further attest to its remarkable stamina and resilience.

Diet

As obligate scavengers, Cinereous Vultures primarily feed on the carcasses of medium to large mammals. They tend to prefer muscle tissue and can tear through tough hides with their powerful beaks.

Occasionally, they may prey on small, weak, or injured animals. Unlike other species of vulture, it often feeds alone.

Behaviour

Cinereous Vultures are often solitary but may gather in small groups at carcasses. They soar effortlessly on thermal currents, using their keen eyesight to locate food.

These birds are generally silent, communicating through body language and hissing when competing for food.

Vocalisation

Generally silent, Cinereous Vultures communicate mainly through body language. When disturbed or competing for food, they may produce guttural croaks, hisses, or bill-clapping sounds. During courtship, pairs may exchange soft grunts or low whistles.

Nesting & Breeding

Cinereous Vultures form monogamous pairs that often mate for life. Breeding season typically begins in late winter or early spring, depending on the region.

Nests are massive structures of sticks, often reused and added to year after year, located in tall trees or on cliff ledges. The female usually lays a single egg, which is white with reddish-brown markings.

Both parents share incubation duties for about 50-55 days. The chick remains in the nest for 3-4 months before fledging but may continue to depend on its parents for several more months.

Conservation and Status

Global Conservation Status

Near Threatened [1]

The Cinereous Vulture faces threats from habitat loss, poisoning, and collisions with power lines.

Conservation efforts focus on protecting nesting sites, establishing feeding stations, and educating communities about the importance of these scavengers in ecosystem health.

Population Data

Global Population Estimate

16,800 - 22,800 mature individuals [2]

Global Population Trend

[3]

Trend data may be uncertain or fluctuating

Birdwatching Tips

  • Look for them soaring high in mountainous or open areas
  • Observe feeding sites like carcasses from a respectful distance
  • Note their massive size and dark colouration for easy identification
  • Visit specialised vulture feeding stations in protected areas

Additional Information

Quick Facts

Other names:

Eurasian Black Vulture, Monk Vulture

Family:

Accipitridae

Average Lifespan

20 to 25 years

Max Lifespan

39 years [4]

Predators

Adult Cinereous Vultures have few natural predators due to their size, but eggs and chicks may be vulnerable to large eagles, ravens, and some mammals.

Did You Know?

  1. The Cinereous Vulture is one of the heaviest flying birds in the world.
  2. Their stomach acid is exceptionally corrosive, allowing them to digest rotting meat safely.
  3. A group of vultures in flight is called a 'kettle', while feeding vultures are known as a 'wake'.
  4. In April 2021, it was widely reported in the European media that a dead cinereous vulture found in Spain was found to have died as a result of poisoning after consuming meat from a livestock carcass that had been treated with the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. This drug is banned throughout the Indian sub-continent following the almost total extinction of the vulture population in that region some thirty years ago as a result of diclofenac poisoning. The 2021 death of a cinereous vulture in Europe is believed to have been the first poisoning due to the drug on the continent and led to calls for a ban on the drug to protect the extremely rare and vulnerable species of vultures that inhabit the region.

References

  1. 1 2 3

    website: BirdLife International. 2021. Aegypius monachus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22695231A154915043.

    View source
  2. 4

    website, 2000: Carey and Judge, Longevity Records: Life Spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish

    View source

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